{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:12:26Z","timestamp":1762956746431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-113389RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113389RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Processes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concentration polarization and membrane fouling have been identified as the main problems during the ultrafiltration treatment of cork processing wastewaters. These problems drastically reduce the permeate fluxes and, therefore, their potential applications. In this work, a soft ozonation pretreatment was applied to minimize these undesirable effects. A new systematic study was carried out for membranes with different molecular weight cut-offs and at different operating conditions to monitor and quantify the concentration polarization caused by the wastewater\u2019s remaining ozonated compounds. Film theory was used to correlate the mass transfer coefficient, k, and the intrinsic rejection coefficient, f\u2032, with the resistance introduced by concentration polarization. The ultrafiltration treatment was carried out under varying hydrodynamic operating conditions (circulating flow rates of 100\u2013200 L\/h) and transmembrane pressures (1\u20133 bar) for a set of four cellulose acetate membranes covering a wide range of molecular weight cut-offs (5000\u2013100,000 Da) and hydraulic permeabilities (25\u2013110 kg\/h\/m2\/bar). The ozone pretreatment (at wastewater pH) reduced the phenolic content selectively (direct oxidation) by more than 50%, reducing membrane fouling and concentration polarization and increasing permeate fluxes (by 22\u201345%) and mass transfer coefficients (up to six times).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9122182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"2182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Concentration Polarization Quantification and Minimization in Cork Process Wastewater Ultrafiltration by an Ozone Pretreatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Minhalma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5339-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Norberta de","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5651-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin R.","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Agua, Cambio clim\u00e1tico y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Avda de la Investigaci\u00f3n s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-017-0003-1","article-title":"Current Role of Membrane Technology: From the Treatment of Agro-Industrial by-Products up to the Valorization of Valuable Compounds","volume":"9","author":"Denis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5441","article-title":"Cork processing wastewaters components fractioned by ultrafiltration membranes\u2014Studies of antioxidant and antitumoral activity","volume":"93","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. 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