{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T03:17:18Z","timestamp":1776914238893,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psych"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare workers are exposed to workplace violence such as physical assaults, psychological violence and threats of violence. It is crucial to understand factors associated with workplace violence to prevent and mitigate its consequences. This study aims to identify work-related factors that might influence workplace violence in healthcare settings. A cross-sectional study was developed between March and April of 2022 with healthcare workers. The Aggression and Violence at Work Scale was used to assess workplace violence, and psychosocial risks were assessed through the Health and Work Survey\u2014INSAT. Statistical analysis using bivariate analysis was performed to identify the psychosocial risk factors related to physical violence, psychological violence and vicarious violence. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression was performed to identify the models that better explained the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and the three dimensions of violence. Psychological violence was frequently experienced by the healthcare workers. Significant associations were found between psychosocial risk factors and physical, psychological and vicarious violence, namely working hours, work relationships, employment relations, high demands and work intensity. These findings highlight the importance of taking into consideration work-related factors when designing interventions to prevent and address workplace violence in healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/psych4030039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"516-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Workplace Violence in Healthcare Settings: Work-Related Predictors of Violence Behaviours"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2236-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, Research, Innovation and Development Institute of Fernando Pessoa Foundation, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute F.","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, Research, Innovation and Development Institute of Fernando Pessoa Foundation, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, Research, Innovation and Development Institute of Fernando Pessoa Foundation, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center on Child Studies (CIEC), University of Minho (UM), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Baylina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","article-title":"Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101381","article-title":"Workplace violence against healthcare professionals: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Mento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.11465","article-title":"Workplace Violence in Healthcare: A Single-Center Study on Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies","volume":"33","author":"Manzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Yue, Y., Wang, J., Luo, T., Li, Y., and Zhou, J. (2020). Workplace violence against hospital healthcare workers in China: A national WeChat-based survey. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08708-3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570459","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.570459","article-title":"Violence Against Healthcare Workers: A Worldwide Phenomenon with Serious Consequences","volume":"8","author":"Vento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Front."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Civilotti, C., Berlanda, S., and Iozzino, L. (2021). Hospital-Based Healthcare Workers Victims of Workplace Violence in Italy: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115860"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.07.010","article-title":"The aftermath of workplace violence among healthcare workers: A systematic literature review of the consequences. Aggress","volume":"19","author":"Guay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e377","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2020.88543","article-title":"The persistent pandemic of violence against health care workers","volume":"26","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232006000200007","article-title":"Violence a global public health problem","volume":"11","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Colet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","article-title":"The world report on violence and health","volume":"360","author":"Krug","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2019.1564223","article-title":"Public health and violence","volume":"29","author":"Mitton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306753","article-title":"Violence and the COVID-19 pandemic: A public health of consequence","volume":"112","author":"Kapadia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103727","article-title":"Workplace violence in healthcare settings: The risk factors, implications and collaborative preventive measures","volume":"78","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513518841","article-title":"Harm to Those Who Serve: Effects of Direct and Vicarious Customer-Initiated Workplace Aggression","volume":"29","author":"Dawe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018774429","article-title":"Prevalence of Workplace Violence Against Health-Care Professionals in China: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Observational Surveys","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2022, February 11). Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2002-101\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2022, February 11). Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Healthcare and Social Service Workers, Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/Publications\/osha3148.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2022, March 04). Workplace Violence in Healthcare: Understanding the Challenge, Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/OSHA3826.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Multiple dimensions of violence against healthcare providers in Karachi: Results from a multicenter study from Karachi","volume":"68","author":"Baig","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-0944-7","article-title":"Workplace bullying as an antecedent of mental health problems: A five-year prospective and representative study","volume":"88","author":"Einarsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.713","article-title":"Workplace violence (WPV) in healthcare systems","volume":"8","author":"Dadfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422311410651","article-title":"Workplace Bullying: An Integrative Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Bartlett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Dev. Hum. Resour."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S114870","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: A cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Lozano, J., Mart\u00ednez-Ram\u00f3n, J., and Morales-Rodr\u00edguez, F. (2021). Doctors and Nurses: A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors in Workplace Violence and Burnout. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063280"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079916666545","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Bullying Among Health Care Workers in Portugal","volume":"65","author":"Norton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with workplace violence among healthcare workers in an academic medical center","volume":"6","author":"Otachi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"U.S Bureau of Labour Statistics (USBLS) (2022, March 04). Workplace Violence in Healthcare, Available online: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/iif\/oshwc\/cfoi\/workplace-violence-healthcare-2018.htm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-1013-7","article-title":"Healthcare Workers: Occupational Health Promotion and Patient Safety","volume":"42","author":"Baylina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feij\u00f3, F., Gr\u00e4f, D., Pearce, N., and Fassa, A. (2019). Risk Factors for Workplace Bullying: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111945"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.2.1.63","article-title":"Violence at work: Personal and organizational outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Rogers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schat, A., and Kelloway, E. (2005). Workplace aggression. Handbook of Work Stress, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412975995.n8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlanda, S., Pedrazza, M., Fraizzoli, M., and Cordova, F. (2019). Addressing Risks of Violence against Healthcare Staff in Emergency Departments: The Effects of Job Satisfaction and Attachment Style. Biomed. Res. Int., 5430870.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5430870"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.2010.tb00045.x","article-title":"Workplace violence in healthcare settings: Risk factors and protective strategies","volume":"35","author":"Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rehabil. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.018","article-title":"Risk factors associated with patient and visitor violence in general hospitals: Results of a multiple regression analysis","volume":"50","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.3.444","article-title":"Predictors and outcomes of workplace violence and aggression","volume":"87","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-1-11","article-title":"Patterns of perceptions of workplace violence in the portuguese health care sector","volume":"1","author":"Ferrinho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001100","article-title":"Interaction of Health Care Worker Health and Safety and Patient Health and Safety in the US Health Care System: Recommendations From the 2016 Summit","volume":"59","author":"Loeppke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.17652\/rpot\/2017.4.13886","article-title":"Viol\u00eancia no trabalho: Um estudo com enfermeiros\/as em hospitais portugueses","volume":"17","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Organ. E Trab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0727-2","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Health and Work Survey Based on the Rasch Model among Portuguese Workers","volume":"41","author":"Barros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqz034","article-title":"Can psychosocial work factors influence psychologists\u2019 positive mental health?","volume":"69","author":"Barros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.15309\/21psd220217","article-title":"The influence of psychosocial risk factors on the development of musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"22","author":"Correia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psicol. Sa\u00fade Doen\u00e7as"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havaei, F. (2021). Does the Type of Exposure to Workplace Violence Matter to Nurses\u2019 Mental Health?. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9010041"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.8.2.110","article-title":"Reducing the adverse consequences of workplace aggression and violence: The buffering effects of organizational support","volume":"8","author":"Schat","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"32","article-title":"Moderators of Workplace Aggression: The Influences of Social Support and Training","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas. J. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, April 18). Preventing Violence Against Health Workers. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/preventing-violence-against-health-workers."}],"container-title":["Psych"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8611\/4\/3\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:23Z","timestamp":1760141183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8611\/4\/3\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["psych4030039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/psych4030039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}