{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:31:14Z","timestamp":1775197874554,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychoactives"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychoactive substances, including illicit drugs, prescription medications, and novel psychoactive compounds, are frequently analyzed in biological and in non-biological samples. Interpreting results is paramount for ensuring proper medical treatments and judicial decisions. However, false-positive results\u2014where a sample is incorrectly identified as containing a psychoactive substance\u2014remain a persistent issue. In other words, it is important to invest in understanding the meaning of toxicological results. Cross-reactivity in immunoassays, sample contamination, analytical interference with certain endogenous and exogenous substances, inadvertent and accidental exposure due to environmental contamination, second-hand smoke inhalation, or unintentional dermal or mucosal contact with drug residues are some of the major issues to consider. This perspective highlights major sources of artifacts in interpreting amphetamine analytical results in order to provide proper toxicological interpretations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives4020012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1747023683000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Scientific Advances in Psychoactives Versus Artifacts in Amphetamine Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Jorge","family":"Dinis-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FOREN\u2014Forensic Science Experts, Dr. M\u00e1rio Moutinho Avenue, no. 33-A, 1400-136 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dinis-Oliveira, R.J., Carvalho, F., and Bastos, M.L. 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