{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:41:10Z","timestamp":1767339670974,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00127\/2020","UIDB\/04058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00127\/2020","UIDB\/04058\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Publications"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lack of examples of smart-city initiatives and the sharing of best practices in Portugal confirm the gap in the transference of empirical knowledge to the scientific literature in this area. The smart-city concept has passed through three stages. However, its evolution has not been noted equally throughout countries and their territories. The literature only provides information about specific projects implemented in a few cities. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the state-of-the-art of smart cities in Portugal by analyzing 25 editions of the most relevant national-wide smart-cities magazine. First, the objective of analyzing the magazine was to study each Portuguese city in terms of the subject areas and types of existing initiatives in order, ultimately, to frame cities within their respective smart-city phases, as per the literature. Second, the aim of the paper was also to provide information about the evolution of the concept through analyses of embedded experts\u2019 quotes. The results of the first are complemented with the analysis of interviews with policymakers to provide information about the existing challenges to implementing a smart city and to understand the role of government therein. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on the case study. The findings suggest that the three smart-city phases are perceived in slightly different ways in Portugal and heterogeneity within the country can be noted from the lack of strategies and a standard framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/publications9040049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:44:31Z","timestamp":1635198271000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reviewing the State-of-the-Art of Smart Cities in Portugal: Evidence Based on Content Analysis of a Portuguese Magazine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy (GOVCOPP), Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7791-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Louren\u00e7o","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy (GOVCOPP), Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences (DCSPT), University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsu027","article-title":"Making sense of smart cities: Addressing present shortcomings","volume":"8","author":"Kitchin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2019.1651178","article-title":"Smart Governance for Sustainable Cities: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review","volume":"26","author":"Tomor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Smart Cities (2021, August 18). Smart Cities, Cidades Sustent\u00e1veis. Available online: https:\/\/smart-cities.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cohen, B. (2021, June 17). The 3 Generations of Smart Cities. Available online: https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/3047795\/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13604810802479126","article-title":"Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?","volume":"12","author":"Hollands","year":"2008","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2011.601117","article-title":"Smart Cities in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Caragliu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streitz, N., and Konomi, S. (2021). The Inclusion of Citizens in Smart Cities Policymaking: The Potential Role of Development Studies\u2019 Participatory Methodologies. Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77015-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1108\/info-07-2014-0028","article-title":"Designing for participatory governance: Assessing capabilities and toolkits in public service delivery","volume":"16","author":"Veeckman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Info"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776416661016","article-title":"How can \u2018smart\u2019 also be socially sustainable? Insights from the case of Milan","volume":"24","author":"Trivellato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urban Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2495\/SC140832","article-title":"The process of smart city definition at an EU level","volume":"191","author":"Russo","year":"2014","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, August 04). Communication from the Commission\u2014Europe 2020. A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:2020:FIN:en:PDF."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"ISO (2021, June 12). \u201cISO\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso:37120:ed-1:en."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15581\/002.ART-2152","article-title":"Smart Cities, Sustainable Progress: Opportunities for Urban Development","volume":"14","author":"Barrionuevo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IESE Insight"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.09.020","article-title":"An integrated service-device-technology roadmap for smart city development","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-012-0089-4","article-title":"Smart City Reference Model: Assisting Planners to Conceptualize the Building of Smart City Innovation Ecosystems","volume":"4","author":"Zygiaris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2015.1018725","article-title":"Tools and Technologies for Planning the Development of Smart Cities","volume":"22","author":"Stratigea","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, L., and Bolici, R. (2017). How to Become a Smart City: Learning from Amsterdam. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, Green Energy and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44899-2_15"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"328","article-title":"Towards smarter and more sustainable cities: The remourban model","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entrep. Sustain. Issues"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2495\/SDP200071","article-title":"Triangular Pyramid Trunk: The Three Axes of the Smart City Assessment Tool","volume":"241","author":"Correia","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1080\/09654313.2016.1182120","article-title":"European plans for the smart city: From theories and rules to logistics test case","volume":"24","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Plan. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, August 05). European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities\u2014Strategic Implementation Plan. Available online: https:\/\/www.interregeurope.eu\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/tx_tevprojects\/library\/sip_final_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, August 06). European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities Operational Implementation Plan: First Public Draft. Available online: https:\/\/www.interregeurope.eu\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/tx_tevprojects\/library\/operational-implementation-plan-oip-v2_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, J., Borges, M., Marques, J.L., and Castro, E. (2019). Smarter Decisions for Smarter Cities: Lessons Learned from Strategic Plans. New Paths of Entrepreneurship Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96032-6_2"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Correia, D., Marques, J.L., and Teixeira, L. City@Path: A Collaborative Smart City Planning and Assessment Tool. Transport Development and Integration, WiT Press. (In press)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2005.02.001","article-title":"E-government success factors: Mapping practical tools to theoretical foundations","volume":"22","author":"Pardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1108\/14637150510619902","article-title":"E-government adoption: Architecture and barriers","volume":"11","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bus. Process Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A., and Scholl, H.J. (2012, January 4\u20137). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.615"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.02.007","article-title":"Identifying and prioritizing barriers to implementation of smart energy city projects in Europe: An empirical approach","volume":"105","author":"Mosannenzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-018-9873-4","article-title":"Barriers to the Development of Smart Cities in Indian Context","volume":"21","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S.Y., and Taeihagh, A. (2020). Smart city governance in developing countries: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12030899"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1504\/IJKBD.2013.054089","article-title":"Developing the PlanIT valley: A view on the governance and societal embedding of u-eco city pilots","volume":"4","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Knowl. Based Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsu010","article-title":"Smart cities from scratch? A socio-technical perspective","volume":"8","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2017.1413228","article-title":"Digital Technology in a Smart Tourist Destination: The Case of Porto","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luis, Y., Santos, P.M., Louren\u00e7o, T., P\u00e9rez-Penichet, C., Cal\u00e7ada, T., and Aguiar, A. (2016, January 12\u201315). UrbanSense: An urban-scale sensing platform for the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2016.7580869"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, July 05). SynchroniCity: Delivering an IoT Enabled Digital Single Market for Europe and Beyond. Available online: https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/732240."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.09.014","article-title":"Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects","volume":"142","author":"Camboim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.10.009","article-title":"An urban building database (UBD) supporting a smart city information system","volume":"158","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, J., Fonseca, J., Gomes, D., Barraca, J., Fernandes, B., Rufino, J., Almeida, J., and Aguiar, R. (2017, January 14\u201317). PASMO: An open living lab for cooperative ITS and smart regions. Proceedings of the 2017 International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Wuxi, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2017.8090866"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvao, J.R., Moreira, L.M., Ascenso, R.M.T., and Leitao, S.A. (2015, January 8\u201311). Energy systems models for efficiency towards Smart Cities. Proceedings of the IEEE EUROCON 2015\u2014International Conference on Computer as a Tool (EUROCON), Salamanca, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2015.7313682"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.07.099","article-title":"An Integrated Planning Framework for the Development of Sustainable and Resilient Cities\u2014The Case of the InSMART Project","volume":"198","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Matos, P.G., Daniel, P.R., Veiga, A.M., Messias, A.A., Oliveira, M.S.M., and Monteiro, P.L. (2013, January 10\u201313). Inovgrid, a smart vision for a next generation distribution system. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2014.06.004","article-title":"Development and implementation of Portuguese smart distribution system","volume":"120","author":"Gouveia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, R., Machado, R., and Gon\u00e7alves, S. (2019). Guimar\u00e3es: Innovative and Engaged City, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01746-0_1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.37335\/ijek.v6i1.67","article-title":"Implementation of the Smart City Concept in the EU: Importance of Cluster Initiatives and Best Practice Cases","volume":"6","author":"Alaverdyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Knowl."}],"container-title":["Publications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6775\/9\/4\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:22:09Z","timestamp":1760167329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6775\/9\/4\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["publications9040049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/publications9040049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6775"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-6775"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]}}}