{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:05:52Z","timestamp":1768453552974,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAR\/04292\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/GEO\/04683\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/04683\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quaternary"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reconstruction of Pleistocene environments and processes in the sensitive geographical location of westernmost Iberia, facing the North Atlantic Ocean, is crucial for understanding impacts on early human communities. We provide a characterization of the lowest terrace (T6) of the Lower Tejo River, at Vila Velha de R\u00f3d\u00e3o (eastern central Portugal). This terrace comprises a lower gravel bed and an upper division consisting of fine to very fine sands and coarse silts. We have used a multidisciplinary approach, combining geomorphology, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, grain-size analysis and rock magnetism measurement, in order to provide new insights into the environmental changes coincident with the activity of the last Neanderthals in this region. In addition, we conducted palynological analysis, X-ray diffraction measurement and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectra of the clay fraction and carbonate concretions. We discuss these new findings in the context of previously published palaeontological and archeological data. The widespread occurrence of carbonate concretions and rizoliths in the T6 profile is evidence for episodic pedogenic evaporation, in agreement with the rare occurrence and poor preservation of phytoliths. We provide updated OSL ages for the lower two Tejo terraces, obtained by post infra-red stimulated luminescence: (i) T5 is c. 140 to 70 ka; (ii) T6 is c. 60 to 35 ka. The single archaeological and fossiliferous level located at the base of the T6 upper division, recording the last regional occurrence of megafauna (elephant and rhinoceros) and Mousterian artefacts, is now dated at 44 \u00b1 3 ka. With reference to the arrival of Neanderthals in the region, probably by way of the Tejo valley (from central Iberia), new dating suggests a probable age of 200\u2013170 ka for the earliest Mousterian industry located in the topmost deposits of T4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/quat2010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T11:26:55Z","timestamp":1547810815000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Lowermost Tejo River Terrace at Foz do Enxarrique, Portugal: A Palaeoenvironmental Archive from c. 60\u201335 ka and Its Implications for the Last Neanderthals in Westernmost Iberia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro P.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Univ. Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-0039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICT\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0587-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Pieter","family":"Buylaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Ris\u00f8 Campus, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5559-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence Dating, Aarhus University, DTU Ris\u00f8 Campus, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2096-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Univ. Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Font","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDL-FCUL, Instituto Dom Lu\u00eds, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Univ. Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-2090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICArEHB\u2014Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silv\u00e9rio","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Center\u2014U.C., Portuguese Center of Geo-History and Prehistory, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Center\u2014U.C., Portuguese Center of Geo-History and Prehistory, Earth and Memory Institute, 6120-721 Ma\u00e7\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0843-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Bridgland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Univ. Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6136-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Stevaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul\/Camus, Avenida Ranulpho Marques Leal, 3484, Tr\u00eas Lagoas 76620-080, MS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-8832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Univ. Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.07.004","article-title":"Tectonic control of the Tejo river fluvial incision during the late Cenozoic, in R\u00f3d\u00e3o\u2014Central Portugal (Atlantic Iberian border)","volume":"64","author":"Cunha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.02.017","article-title":"Records of human occupation from Pleistocene river terrace and aeolian sediments in the Arneiro depression (Lower Tejo River, central eastern Portugal)","volume":"165\u2013166","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zilh\u00e3o, J. (1993). Le passage du Pal\u00e9olithique moyen\/Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur dans le Portugal. 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