{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:52:33Z","timestamp":1776207153323,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"ERASMUS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-1-ES01-KA131-HED-000196755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-ES01-KA131-HED-000196755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"ERASMUS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EST20556966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST20556966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M1.1.a\/005\/Funcionamento-C-\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.a\/005\/Funcionamento-C-\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M1.1.A\/INFRAEST CIENT\/A\/001\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.A\/INFRAEST CIENT\/A\/001\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M3.3.B\/ORG.R.C.\/005\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.3.B\/ORG.R.C.\/005\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M3.3.B\/ORG.R.C.\/008\/2022\/EDI\u00c7\u00c3O 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.3.B\/ORG.R.C.\/008\/2022\/EDI\u00c7\u00c3O 1"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M3.3.G\/EXPEDI\u00c7\u00d5ES CIENT\u00cdFICAS\/005\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.3.G\/EXPEDI\u00c7\u00d5ES CIENT\u00cdFICAS\/005\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Regional Government of the Azores","award":["M3.3.G\/EXPEDI\u00c7\u00d5ES CIENT\u00cdFICAS\/004\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.3.G\/EXPEDI\u00c7\u00d5ES CIENT\u00cdFICAS\/004\/2022"]}]},{"name":"BIOPOLIS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds through FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01\u20130145-FEDER-006821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01\u20130145-FEDER-006821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds through FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00153\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00153\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds through FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0048\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0048\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quaternary"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last two decades, the Macaronesian archipelagos have been the focus of multiple studies targeting the abundant and diversified fossil record from late Neogene and Quaternary deposits. This record of past biota, ecosystems and climates is crucial for understanding the impact of glacial\u2013interglacial cycles on Atlantic littoral marine organisms. Coupled with ongoing studies on the factors responsible for global climate change and associated sea-level variations, they contributed decisively towards the development of the modern marine island biogeography theory. Our current knowledge of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the past and extant, shallow-water marine organisms from the Macaronesian geographic region relies on detailed analysis of many individual fossiliferous outcrops by means of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Here, we focus on the fossil record of a newly studied MIS 5e outcrop at Pedra-que-pica (PQP), on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). This multidisciplinary work integrates geology, paleontology and biology, providing the first detailed description of the sedimentary facies and stratigraphic framework of the PQP MIS 5e sequence that, coupled with the documentation of the biodiversity and ecological composition of PQP molluscan assemblages, allows us to produce a paleoecological reconstruction and to compare PQP with other last interglacial outcrops from Santa Maria Island. Our results increase the number of the Azorean MIS 5e marine molluscs to 140 taxa (116 Gastropoda and 24 Bivalvia). Ervilia castanea (Montagu, 1803) is the most abundant bivalve, while Bittium nanum (Mayer, 1864) and Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) are the most abundant gastropod species. In addition, this work emphasizes the crucial importance of complementing quantitative collecting with qualitative surveys of the fossiliferous outcrops, because nearly 42% of the bivalve species and 28% of the gastropod taxa would be missed if only quantitative samples were used. Derivation of Hill numbers and rarefaction curves both indicate that the sampling effort should be increased at PQP. Thus, although Santa Maria Island is recognized by the scientific community as one of the best-studied islands regarding the last interglacial fossil record, this study emphasizes the need to continue with similar efforts in less known outcrops on the island.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/quat8040053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:16:29Z","timestamp":1759241789000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paleobiodiversity and Paleoecology Insights from a New MIS 5e Highstand Deposit on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edificio de Ciencias-Biolog\u00eda, Biolog\u00eda Sanitaria, F\u00edsica e Instrumentaci\u00f3n Espacial, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Campus Universitario, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km. 33,600, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Doukani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Pal\u00e9ontologie Stratigraphique et Pal\u00e9oenvironnement, FSTU, University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, BP. 1524 El M\u2019Naouer, Oran 31000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Hip\u00f3lito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"UNESCO Chair\u2014Land Within Sea: Biodiversity and Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, R. M\u00e3e de Deus 13A, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sergio P\u00e9rez","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, Les Corts, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Dalmau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo Castela","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"UNESCO Chair\u2014Land Within Sea: Biodiversity and Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, R. M\u00e3e de Deus 13A, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS\/CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Rua do Crasto, 765, 4485-684 Vair\u00e3o, Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gustavo M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS\/CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Rua do Crasto, 765, 4485-684 Vair\u00e3o, Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5659-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Tenerife, C\/Fuente Morales, s\/n, 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markes E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio P.","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, University of the Azores, Rua da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, P\u00f3lo dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"UNESCO Chair\u2014Land Within Sea: Biodiversity and Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, R. M\u00e3e de Deus 13A, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS\/CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Rua do Crasto, 765, 4485-684 Vair\u00e3o, Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Checklist of the Pleistocene marine molluscs of Prainha and Lagoinhas (Santa Maria Island, Azores)","volume":"9","author":"Amen","year":"2002","journal-title":"A\u00e7oreana"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2008.12.014","article-title":"Palaeocology of the Pleistocene (MIS 5.5) outcrops of Santa Maria Island (Azores) in a complex oceanic tectonic setting","volume":"274","author":"Madeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.180.4.295","article-title":"How did they get here? Palaeobiogeography of the Pleistocene marine molluscs of the Azores","volume":"180","author":"Schiebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Fr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2022.107377","article-title":"Range expansion of tropical shallow-water marine molluscs in the NE Atlantic during the last interglacial (MIS 5e): Causes, consequences and utility of ecostratigraphic indicators for the Macaronesian archipelagos","volume":"278","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2022.107535","article-title":"Reply to the comment by Meco et al. on \u201cRange expansion of tropical shallow-water marine molluscs in the NE Atlantic during the last interglacial (MIS 5e): Causes, consequences and utility of ecostratigraphic indicators for the Macaronesian archipelagos\u201d","volume":"288","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2014.05.046","article-title":"Extralimital Senegalese species during Marine Isotope Stages 5.5 and 11 in the Canary Islands (29\u00b0 N): Sea surface temperature estimates","volume":"410","author":"Montesinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.10.087","article-title":"Global change impacts on large-scale biogeographic patterns of marine organisms on Atlantic oceanic islands","volume":"126","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12492","article-title":"Towards a \u201cSea-Level Sensitive\u201d dynamic model: Impact of island ontogeny and glacio-eustasy on global patterns of marine island biogeography","volume":"94","author":"Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2023.108313","article-title":"Palaeobiogeography of NE Atlantic archipelagos during the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e): A molluscan approach to the conundrum of Macaronesia as a marine biogeographic unit","volume":"319","author":"Melo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(95)00079-8","article-title":"U-series measurements in Tyrrhenian deposits from Mallorca\u2013Further evidence for two last-interglacial high sea levels in the Balearic Islands","volume":"15","author":"Ghaleb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(01)00114-7","article-title":"Timing and warmth of the Last Interglacial period: New U-series evidence from Hawaii and Bermuda and a new fossil compilation for North America","volume":"21","author":"Muhs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(02)00701-6","article-title":"Pleistocene raised marine terraces of the Spanish Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts: Records of coastal uplift, sea-level highstands and climate changes","volume":"194","author":"Zazo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2006.12.014","article-title":"Quaternary marine terraces on Sal iIsland (Cape Verde archipelago)","volume":"26","author":"Zazo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1890","article-title":"Ice sheet collapse following a prolonged period of stable sea level during the last interglacial","volume":"6","author":"Hearty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.06.006","article-title":"The analysis of Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) relative sea-level indicators: Reconstructing sea-level in a warmer world","volume":"159","author":"Rovere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(02)00009-4","article-title":"Raised marine sequences of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura revisited e a reappraisal of relative sea-level changes and vertical movements in the eastern Canary Islands during Quaternary","volume":"21","author":"Zazo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.01.006","article-title":"Sea level changes during the last and present interglacials in Sal Island (Cape Verde archipelago)","volume":"72","author":"Zazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.10.020","article-title":"Retracing the Quaternary history of sea-level changes in the Spanish Mediterranean-Atlantic coasts: Geomorphological and sedimentological approach","volume":"196","author":"Zazo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.11.014","article-title":"Millennial\/submillennial-scale sea-level fluctuations in western Mediterranean during the second highstand of MIS 5e","volume":"30","author":"Dabrio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08686","article-title":"Probabilistic assessment of sea level during the last interglacial stage","volume":"462","author":"Kopp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2006.07.006","article-title":"Evolution and demise of the Last Interglacial warmth in the subpolar North Atlantic","volume":"25","author":"Oppo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2008.00059.x","article-title":"A \u201ccritical\u201d climatic evaluation of last interglacial (MIS 5e) records from the Norwegian Sea","volume":"27","author":"Bauch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polar Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.06.019","article-title":"Global sea-level fluctuations during the Last Interglaciation (MIS 5e)","volume":"26","author":"Hearty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205749","article-title":"Ice volume and sea level during the last interglacial","volume":"337","author":"Dutton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1130\/B31538.1","article-title":"The emergence and evolution of Santa Maria Island (Azores)\u2013the conundrum of uplifted islands revisited","volume":"129","author":"Ramalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2018.09.002","article-title":"Marine terrace development on reefless volcanic islands: New insights from high-resolution marine geophysical data offshore Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago)","volume":"406","author":"Ricchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"439","article-title":"Fauna tropical en el Neotirreniense de Santa Maria (I. Azores)","volume":"23","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lav. Soc. Ital. Malacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"313","article-title":"Late Quaternary marine mollusks from Santa Maria (Azores); paleoecologic and paleobiogeographic considerations","volume":"14","author":"Callapez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancias Terra (UNL)"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e40","article-title":"A call to address the taxonomic gap in the Pleistocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago)","volume":"75","author":"Landau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2015.04.029","article-title":"Role of environmental change in rock-boring echinoid trace fossils","volume":"432","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-015-0148-x","article-title":"The palaeontological heritage of Santa Maria Island (Azores: NE Atlantic): A re-evaluation of geosites in GeoPark Azores and their use in geotourism","volume":"8","author":"Ramalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756820000035","article-title":"Pliocene and Late-Pleistocene actinopterygian fishes from Santa Maria Island (Azores: NE Atlantic Ocean): Systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography","volume":"157","author":"Azevedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, S.P., Johnson, M.E., Rebelo, A.C., Baptista, L., and Melo, C.S. (2020). Comparison of modern and Pleistocene (MIS 5e) coastal boulder deposits from Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, NE Atlantic Ocean). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8060386"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2016.01.016","article-title":"Vertically-oriented trace fossil Macaronichnus segregatis from Neogene of Santa Maria Island (Azores; NE Atlantic) records vertical fluctuations of the coastal groundwater mixing zone on a small oceanic island","volume":"49","author":"Uchman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2110\/palo.2018.027","article-title":"Feeding traces of recent ray fish and occurrences of the trace fossil Piscichnus waitemata from the Pliocene of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Northeast Atlantic)","volume":"33","author":"Uchman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palaios"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.3261","article-title":"Pliocene and Late Pleistocene (MIS 5e) decapod crustacean crabs from Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago: NE Atlantic): Systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography","volume":"36","author":"Melo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, S.P., Rebelo, A., Medeiros, A., Melo, C., Gomes, C., Baga\u00e7o, L., Madeira, P., Borges, P.A., Monteiro, P., and Cordeiro, R. (2010). Os F\u00f3sseis de Santa Maria (A\u00e7ores). 1. A Jazida da Prainha, OVGA e Observat\u00f3rio Vulcanol\u00f3gico e Geot\u00e9rmico dos A\u00e7ores."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kueppers, U., and Beier, C. (2018). The marine fossil record at Santa Maria Island (Azores). Volcanoes of the Azores. Revealing the Geological Secrets of the Central Northern Atlantic Islands, Active Volcanoes of the World; Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32226-6"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"465","article-title":"On the geological and palaeontological heritage of the Azores Archipelago and the urgent need to review the geosites of the Azores UNESCO Geopark: A comment on Lima & Meneses (2023), Geoconservation Research, 6: 114\u2013127","volume":"6","author":"Madeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoconserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"467","article-title":"La faune marine des basses plages quaternaires de Praia et Prainha dans l\u2019ile de Santa Maria (A\u00e7ores)","volume":"45","author":"Zbyszewski","year":"1961","journal-title":"Comun. Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos Port."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"209","article-title":"\u00c9tude g\u00e9ologique de l\u2019\u00eele de Santa Maria (A\u00e7ores)","volume":"46","author":"Zbyszewski","year":"1961","journal-title":"Comun. Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos Port."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"53","article-title":"Luria lurida (mollusca: Gastropoda), a new record for the Pleistocene of Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal)","volume":"24","author":"Madeira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arquip\u00e9lago"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.02.012","article-title":"A review of the MIS 5e highstand deposits from Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): Palaeobiodiversity, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography","volume":"114","author":"Melo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"63","article-title":"Coralline-algal framework in the Quaternary of Prainha (Santa Maria Island, Azores)","volume":"37","author":"Amen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Micropaleontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2015.04.015","article-title":"Palaeoecology, taphonomy, and preservation of a lower Pliocene shell bed (coquina) from a volcanic oceanic island (Santa Maria Island, Azores, NE Atlantic Ocean)","volume":"430","author":"Ramalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, S.P., Ramalho, R.S., Da Silva, C.M., Johnson, M.E., Uchman, A., Berning, B., Quartau, R., Madeira, P., Melo, C.S., and Rebelo, A.C. (2022). Os F\u00f3sseis de Santa Maria (A\u00e7ores). 2. Pedra-que-pica: Uma Hist\u00f3ria com 5 Milh\u00f5es de Anos, OVGA-Observat\u00f3rio Vulcanol\u00f3gico e Geot\u00e9rmico dos A\u00e7ores."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M.E. (2023). Islands in Deep Time: Ancient Landscapes Lost and Found, Columbia university Press.","DOI":"10.7312\/john21218"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4202\/app.01222.2024","article-title":"A new attachment trace of a verrucid barnacle on Pliocene bivalve shells, Santa Maria Island, Azores","volume":"70","author":"Uchman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2680.1.3","article-title":"Zullobalanus santamariaensis sp. nov. a new late Miocene barnacle species of the family Archeobalanidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica), from the Azores","volume":"2680","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"59","article-title":"The marine fossils from Santa Maria Island (Azores, Portugal): An historical overview","volume":"5","author":"Madeira","year":"2007","journal-title":"A\u00e7oreana Suppl."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"243","article-title":"The fossil echinoids of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Northern Atlantic Ocean)","volume":"61","author":"Madeira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annpal.2012.04.001","article-title":"Systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of the Neogene fossil sharks from the Azores (Northeast Atlantic)","volume":"98","author":"Ramalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Pal\u00e9ontologie"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2015.10.043","article-title":"Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the early Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores: NE Atlantic): Palaeoecology, palaeoclimatology and palaeobiogeographic implications on the NE Atlantic Molluscan Biogeographical Provinces","volume":"441","author":"Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmic.2012.06.003","article-title":"Late Miocene marine ostracods from Santa Maria Island, Azores (NE Atlantic): Systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography","volume":"55","author":"Meireles","year":"2012","journal-title":"R\u00e9vue Micropal\u00e9ontologie"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.5295.1.1","article-title":"The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications","volume":"5295","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, S.P. (2005). Processos e Padr\u00f5es de Dispers\u00e3o e Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o nos Rissoidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) dos A\u00e7ores. [Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis in Biology, Universidade dos A\u00e7ores]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Gotelli, N.J., and Colwell, R.K. (2011). Estimating Species Richness. Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"345","article-title":"Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach","volume":"67","author":"Legendre","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1823.1","article-title":"Associations between species and groups of sites: Indices and statistical inference","volume":"90","author":"Legendre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"53","article-title":"The shallow marine ostracod communities of the Azores (Mid-North Atlantic): Taphonomy and palaeoecology","volume":"12","author":"Meireles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2014.08.002","article-title":"The Holocene to Recent ostracods of the Azores (NE Atlantic): Systematics and biogeography","volume":"112","author":"Meireles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, S.P., Cordeiro, R., Rodrigues, A.R., Rebelo, A.C., Melo, C., Madeira, P., and Pyenson, N.D. (2015). Fossil Mysticeti from the Pleistocene of Santa Maria Island, Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), and the prevalence of fossil cetaceans on oceanic islands. Palaeontol. Electron., 18.2.27A.","DOI":"10.26879\/548"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebelo, A.C., Rasser, M.W., Ramalho, R.S., Johnson, M.E., Melo, C.S., Uchman, A., Quartau, R., Berning, B., Neto, A.I., and Mendes, A.R. (2021). Pleistocene coralline algal build-ups on a mid-ocean rocky shore\u2013insights into the MIS 5e record of the Azores. Palaeobiogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 579.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2021.110598"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, V.B., Melo, C.S., Silva, L., Ventura, M.A., C\u00e2mara, R., Pombo, J., Johnson, M.E., and \u00c1vila, S.P. (2018). Comparing methods of evaluation of geosites: The fossiliferous outcrops of Santa Maria Island (Azores: NE Atlantic) as a case-study for sustainable Island tourism. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103596"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1111\/sed.12055","article-title":"Depositional processes on oceanic island shelves\u2013evidence from storm-generated Neogene deposits from the mid-North Atlantic","volume":"60","author":"Meireles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Walker, R.G., and James, N.P. (1992). Wave-and storm-dominated shallow marine systems. Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change, Geological Association of Canada."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"457","article-title":"Zona\u00e7\u00e3o intertidal de uma comunidade malacol\u00f3gica na \u201cPo\u00e7a da Barra\u201d, uma lagoa localizada na plataforma costeira da vila das Lajes do Pico, A\u00e7ores","volume":"8","year":"1998","journal-title":"A\u00e7oreana"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"11","article-title":"The littoral molluscs (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora) of S\u00e3o Vicente, Capelas (S\u00e3o Miguel Island, Azores): Ecology and biological associations to algae","volume":"21","year":"2003","journal-title":"Iberus"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"67","article-title":"The molluscs of the intertidal algal turf in the Azores","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iberus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10152-006-0052-5","article-title":"Comparison of the community structure of the marine molluscs of the \u201cBanco D. Jo\u00e3o de Castro\u201d seamount (Azores, Portugal) with that of typical inshore habitats on the Azores archipelago","volume":"61","author":"Cardigos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Helgol. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"408","article-title":"The littoral Trochoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Azores","volume":"40","author":"Borges","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Conchol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, S.P., Costa, A.C., Madeira, P., Brum, J., Prestes, A.C.L., Faria, J., and Martins, G.M. (2024). Patterns of distribution of mollusc fauna associated with Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau: A baseline study in the Azores Archipelago helps understanding the impact of climate change\/invasive species on biodiversity. Front. Mar. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1361068"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2001.65n2117","article-title":"Macrobenthic mollusc fauna inhabiting Halopteris spp. subtidal fronds in S\u00e3o Miguel island, Azores","volume":"65","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.480.8599","article-title":"New species of Rissoidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Archipelago of the Azores (northeast Atlantic) and a checklist of the family for the region","volume":"480","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zookeys"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2020.106163","article-title":"Imprints of volcanic, erosional, depositional, tectonic and mass-wasting processes in the morphology of Santa Maria insular shelf","volume":"424","author":"Ricchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2008.01881.x","article-title":"Mass extinctions in the Azores during the last glaciation: Fact or myth?","volume":"35","author":"Madeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.1165","article-title":"Local disappearance of bivalves in the Azores during the last glaciation","volume":"23","author":"Madeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios, J.M., Nascimento, L., Hern\u00e1ndez, J.C., Clemente, S., Gonz\u00e1lez, A., and D\u00edaz-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.P. (2013). Unravelling the patterns and processes of evolution of marine life in oceanic islands: A global framework. Climate Change Perspectives from the Atlantic: Past, Present and Future, Universidad de La Laguna."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"55","article-title":"Ecostratigraphy","volume":"Volume 16","author":"Seibold","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stratigraphy, Quo Vadis?"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00206818809465980","article-title":"Ecostratigraphy, its place and role in modern stratigraphy","volume":"30","author":"Sokolov","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2011.11.004","article-title":"Palaeogeography and relative sealevel history forcing eco-sedimentary contexts in Late Jurassic epicontinental shelves (Prebetic Zone, Betic Cordillera): An ecostratigraphic approach","volume":"111","author":"Reolid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."}],"container-title":["Quaternary"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-550X\/8\/4\/53\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T07:56:57Z","timestamp":1760515017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-550X\/8\/4\/53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["quat8040053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/quat8040053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-550X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-550X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}}}