{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:58:38Z","timestamp":1766087918991,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reactions"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leaching is a central unit operation in the hydrometallurgical processing of minerals, which often occurs by means of electrochemical reactions. Application of mixed potential theory to explain the kinetics of oxidative and reductive leaching processes is a useful concept in explaining observed results. Native metals, selected oxides, and most base metal sulfides are electron-conducting phases. For these minerals, leaching may take place by normal corrosion, passivation or galvanic couple mechanisms, which provide individual electrode kinetics enabling the calculation of mixed potentials and overall reaction kinetics. Examples of the electrochemical nature of selected leaching processes are presented and include the effect of mixed potentials, geometry, and associated kinetic reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reactions3020023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"312-328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Application of Mixed Potential Theory to Leaching of Mineral Phases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar A. C.","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bal\u00e1z, P. (2000). Extractive Metallurgy of Activated Minerals, Elsevier, B.V.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sethurajan, M. (2015). Metallurgical Studies-Bio\/Leaching and Heavy Metals Recovery (Zn & Cu). [Ph.D. Thesis, University Paris EST]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Boldt, J.R., and Queneau, P. (1967). The Winning of Nickel, Longmans Canada Ltd."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ray, H.S., Singh, B.P., Bhattacharjee, S., and Misra, V. (2005). Energy in Minerals and Metallurgical Industries, Allied Publishers PVT Ltd."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Osseo-Asare, K., and Miller, J.D. (1982). 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