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Therefore, two different types of RDF were submitted alone or mixed in 25%, 50%, and 75% proportions to dry carbonization processes in a range of temperatures between 250 to 350 \u00b0C and residence time between 15 and 60 min. Hydrothermal carbonization was also carried out with RDF samples and their 50% mixture at temperatures of 250 and 300 \u00b0C for 30 min. The properties of the 51 chars and hydrochars produced were analyzed. Mass yield, apparent density, proximate and elemental analysis, ash mineral composition, and higher heating value (HHV), among others, were determined to evaluate the combustion behavior improvement of the chars. The results show that after carbonization, the homogeneity and apparent density of the chars were increased compared to the raw RDF wastes. The chars and hydrochars produced present higher HHV and lower moisture and chlorine content. In the case of chars, a washing step seems to be essential to reduce the chlorine content to allow them to be used as an alternative fuel. In conclusion, both dry and wet carbonization demonstrated to be important pretreatments of the RDF to produce chars with improved physical and combustion properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/reactions5010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:56:59Z","timestamp":1705381019000},"page":"77-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dry and Hydrothermal Co-Carbonization of Mixed Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) for Solid Fuel Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Longo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoLAB BIOREF\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for Biorefineries, 4466-901 Sao Mamede de Infesta, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3734-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Umut","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2021.101316","article-title":"Snapshot review of refuse-derived fuels","volume":"74","author":"Chavando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Util. 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