{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:11:37Z","timestamp":1770894697414,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Recycling"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of gadolinium (Gd) in medical and industrial applications, especially as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has led to its increasing presence in surface waters, disrupting natural geochemical cycles and posing risks to aquatic ecosystems. Addressing this challenge, recent studies have explored the potential of magnetic materials, such as spinel ferrite nanoparticles, in the removal of Gd from contaminated water sources. The present study specifically focused on the use of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles to remove Gd from contaminated solutions, employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize sorption conditions. Key variables evaluated included salinity (0\u201330 g\/L), initial Gd concentration (1\u20135 \u03bcmol\/L), and sorbent dose (20\u2013180 mg\/L), at a fixed pH of 6. The results revealed that salinity had a minimal impact on Gd sorption, likely due to the high sorbent mass used. Optimal conditions were identified as a sorbent dose of 165 mg\/L, an initial Gd concentration of 1.3 \u03bcmol\/L, and a salinity level of 13.4 g\/L, at pH 6. The process was efficient and rapid, achieving over 90% Gd removal within 1 h in both freshwater and saline conditions, and over 75% removal in mineral water within 3 h. The high efficiency and celerity of this method suggest that MnFe2O4 nanoparticles are a promising solution for treating Gd-contaminated hospital effluents. Future research should focus on validating these results in real-world effluent matrices and addressing the environmental and economic aspects of large-scale implementation, thereby contributing to sustainable water remediation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling10020057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficient Recovery of Gadolinium from Contaminated Waters Using Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4345-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7900-6338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LCA\u2014Central Laboratory of Analysis, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tito","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO\u2014Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composite Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LCA\u2014Central Laboratory of Analysis, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"The Use of Gadolinium and Europium Concentrations as Contaminant Tracers in the Nida River Watershed in South-Central Poland","volume":"60","author":"Migaszewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geol. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4116","article-title":"Gadolinium as a New Emerging Contaminant of Aquatic Environments","volume":"37","author":"Rogowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.12.007","article-title":"Determination of Gadolinium-Based MRI Contrast Agents in Biological and Environmental Samples: A Review","volume":"764","author":"Telgmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00363","article-title":"Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers","volume":"119","author":"Wahsner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162844","article-title":"Relationship between Gadolinium-Based MRI Contrast Agent Consumption and Anthropogenic Gadolinium in the Influent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"877","author":"Laczovics","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199907000-00001","article-title":"Safety and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Gadobenate Dimeglumine in Subjects with Renal Impairment","volume":"34","author":"Swan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5282-7","article-title":"Anthropogenic Gadolinium Anomalies and Rare Earth Elements in the Water of Atibaia River and Anhumas Creek, Southeast Brazil","volume":"188","author":"Enzweiler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.08.005","article-title":"Tracking Hospital Effluent-Derived Gadolinium in Atlantic Coastal Waters off Brazil","volume":"145","author":"Pedreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/cleantechnol5020032","article-title":"Cyanobacteria Arthospira Platensis as an Effective Tool for Gadolinium Removal from Wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Yushin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21966","article-title":"Primer on Gadolinium Chemistry","volume":"30","author":"Sherry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002338","article-title":"Gadolinium and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis","volume":"72","author":"Grobner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0633-8","article-title":"Gadolinium and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Time to Tighten Practice","volume":"38","author":"Mendichovszky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140950","article-title":"Effects of Gadolinium (Gd) and a Gd-Based Contrast Agent (GBCA) on Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"350","author":"Piarulli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2006.00447.x","article-title":"Clinical and Biological Consequences of Transmetallation Induced by Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Port","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Goff, S., Barrat, J.A., Chauvaud, L., Paulet, Y.M., Gueguen, B., and Ben Salem, D. (2019). Compound-Specific Recording of Gadolinium Pollution in Coastal Waters by Great Scallops. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44539-y"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112101","article-title":"How Ulva Lactuca Can Influence the Impacts Induced by the Rare Earth Element Gadolinium in Mytilus Galloprovincialis? The Role of Macroalgae in Water Safety towards Marine Wildlife","volume":"215","author":"Trapasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106346","article-title":"Gadolinium Ecotoxicity Is Enhanced in a Warmer and Acidified Changing Ocean as Shown by the Surf Clam Spisula Solida through a Multibiomarker Approach","volume":"253","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.04.073","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Effects of Gadolinium Chloride and Gadolinium\u2014Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent on Freshwater Mussel, Dreissena Plymorpha","volume":"181","author":"Hanana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8869-9","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of Gadolinium in Freshwater Bivalves","volume":"24","author":"Perrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.06.001","article-title":"Effects of Exposure to Gadolinium on the Development of Geographically and Phylogenetically Distant Sea Urchins Species","volume":"128","author":"Martino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.107104","article-title":"Recent Advances in Selective Separation Technologies of Rare Earth Elements: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.03.011","article-title":"MnFe2O4-Graphene Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles as a High-Performance Adsorbent for Rare Earth Elements: Synthesis, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Desorption","volume":"351","author":"Ghobadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.134","article-title":"Biosorption-a Green Method for the Preconcentration of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from Waste Solutions: A Review","volume":"274","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2019.103027","article-title":"REE Concentration Processes in Ion Adsorption Deposits: Evidence from the Ambohimirahavavy Alkaline Complex in Madagascar","volume":"112","author":"Estrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134941","article-title":"Adsorption of Cerium (III) by Zeolites Synthesized from Kaolinite after Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Recovery","volume":"303","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113977","article-title":"Highly Selective Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements by Honeycomb-Shaped Covalent Organic Frameworks Synthesized in Deep Eutectic Solvents","volume":"214","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1363-3","article-title":"Gd-DTPA Adsorption on Chitosan\/Magnetite Nanocomposites","volume":"11","author":"Pylypchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121632","article-title":"Adsorption of Rare Earth Metals from Wastewater by Nanomaterials: A Review","volume":"386","author":"Kegl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122211","article-title":"Removal of Rare Earth Elements from Complex Mixtures by Using Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles: Optimization through Surface Response Methodology","volume":"368","author":"Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103432","article-title":"Influence of Experimental Parameters on the Sorption Behavior of Rare Earth Elements on Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17426","DOI":"10.1021\/am504826q","article-title":"Graphene Oxide-MnFe2O4 Magnetic Nanohybrids for Efficient Removal of Lead and Arsenic from Water","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08673-9","article-title":"Spinel-Type Ferrite Nanoparticles for Removal of Arsenic(V) from Water","volume":"27","author":"Tavares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.510","article-title":"Efficient Removal of Cadmium (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by CoFe2O4\/Chitosan and NiFe2O4\/Chitosan Composites as Adsorbents","volume":"78","author":"Homayonfard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2022.2138787","article-title":"Mercury Remediation from Wastewater through Its Spontaneous Adsorption on Non-Functionalized Inverse Spinel Magnetic Ferrite Nanoparticles","volume":"45","author":"Viltres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.115375","article-title":"Green Synthesis, Structure, Cations Distribution and Bonding Characteristics of Superparamagnetic Cobalt-Zinc Ferrites Nanoparticles for Pb(II) Adsorption and Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications","volume":"328","author":"Tatarchuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2016.12.006","article-title":"Efficient Removal\/Recovery of Pb onto Environmentally Friendly Fabricated Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles","volume":"71","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"434","article-title":"Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticles as Efficient Sorbents for Wastewater Treatment: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380801977610","article-title":"Suhas Low-Cost Adsorbents: Growing Approach to Wastewater Treatmenta Review","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.158185","article-title":"Removal of Rare Earth Elements by MnFe2O4 Based Mesoporous Adsorbents: Synthesis, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics","volume":"856","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107200","article-title":"Neodymium Removal and Recovery from Simulated NdFeB Leachate Using Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles","volume":"71","author":"Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral, G.H., Estrada, A.C., and Santos, P.S.M. (2025). Removal of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) from Rainwater by White Bean Peel: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15020627"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2025, March 30). \u00c1gua Das Caldas de Penacova. Available online: https:\/\/www.caldasdepenacova.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, P., and Barbieri, M. (2019). Gadolinium as an Emerging Microcontaminant in Water Resources: Threats and Opportunities. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9020093"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(01)00283-2","article-title":"Sorption of Lanthanides on Smectite and Kaolinite","volume":"182","author":"Coppin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.011","article-title":"Chromium(VI) Biosorption by Dried Rhizopus Arrhizus: Effect of Salt (NaCl) Concentration on Equilibrium and Kinetic Parameters","volume":"145","author":"Aksu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.10.025","article-title":"Selective and Fast Recovery of Neodymium from Seawater by Magnetic Iron Oxide Fe3O4","volume":"262","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2017.11.009","article-title":"Rapid Recovery of Rare Earth Elements in Industrial Wastewater by CuFe2O4 Synthesized from Cu Sludge","volume":"36","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rare Earths"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2016.1192572","article-title":"Kinetic Sorption Study of Cerium (IV) on Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"35","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, S.V., Lapo, B., Meneses, M., and Sastre, A.M. (2020). Recovery of Neodymium (III) from Aqueous Phase by Chitosan-Manganese-Ferrite Magnetic Beads. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061204"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2020.100032","article-title":"Adsorption Kinetic Modeling Using Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order Rate Laws: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Revellame","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1205\/095758298529696","article-title":"A Comparison of Chemisorption Kinetic Models Applied to Pollutant Removal on Various Sorbents","volume":"76","author":"Ho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.12.043","article-title":"Review of Second-Order Models for Adsorption Systems","volume":"136","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Recycling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-4321\/10\/2\/57\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:07:30Z","timestamp":1760029650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-4321\/10\/2\/57"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["recycling10020057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/recycling10020057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-4321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-4321","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}