{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:49:16Z","timestamp":1768790956666,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]],"date-time":"2025-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Recycling"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Moroccan oil shale ash (MOSA) represents an underutilized industrial by-product, particularly in the Rif region, where its high mineral content has often led to its neglect in value-added applications. This study highlights the successful conversion of MOSA into amorphous mesoporous silica (AS-Si) using a sol\u2013gel process assisted by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) as a soft template. The resulting AS-Si material was extensively characterized to confirm its potential for environmental remediation. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic vibrational bands corresponding to Si\u2013OH and Si\u2013O\u2013Si bonds, while XRD confirmed its amorphous nature with a broad diffraction peak at 2\u03b8 \u2248 22.5\u00b0. SEM imaging revealed a highly porous, sponge-like morphology composed of aggregated nanoscale particles, consistent with the nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption isotherm. The material exhibited a specific surface area of 68 m2\/g, a maximum in the pore size distribution at a pore diameter of 2.4 nm, and a cumulative pore volume of 0.11 cm3\/g for pores up to 78 nm. DLS analysis indicated an average hydrodynamic diameter of 779 nm with moderate polydispersity (PDI = 0.48), while a zeta potential of \u201334.10 mV confirmed good colloidal stability. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and DSC suggested the thermal stability of our amorphous silica. The adsorption performance of AS-Si was evaluated using methylene blue (MB) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) as model pollutants. Kinetic data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, while isotherm studies favored the Langmuir model, suggesting monolayer adsorption. AS-Si could be used four times for the removal of MB and Cipro. These results collectively demonstrate that AS-Si is a promising, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent derived from Moroccan oil shale ash for the effective removal of organic contaminants from aqueous media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling10040143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T07:56:14Z","timestamp":1753084574000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Turning Waste into Wealth: Sustainable Amorphous Silica from Moroccan Oil Shale Ash"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8809-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Krime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat B.P.1014, Morocco"},{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory-LAICA, Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy, CREATE, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy, CREATE, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sana\u00e2","family":"Saoiabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat B.P.1014, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouhaydine","family":"Tlemcani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory-LAICA, Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy, CREATE, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water, Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy, CREATE, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Saoiabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat B.P.1014, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete P.","family":"Carreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV-REQUIMTE, IIFA, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4856-5150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela Ribeiro","family":"Carrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV-REQUIMTE, IIFA, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Evora, 7000-671 Evora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c01105","article-title":"Effect of Supercritical Water Temperature on Pyrolysis Characteristics of Oil Shales","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135637","article-title":"Enhancing Oil Shale Pyrolysis through Swelling Pretreatment: Mechanisms and Product Distribution","volume":"399","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"S396","article-title":"Adsorption of Organic Pollutants Using Moroccan Oil Shales: Optimization of the Adsorption Process Using a Factorial Design","volume":"9","author":"Krime","year":"2023","journal-title":"NanoWorld J."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"885","article-title":"Production of Portland Cement Using Moroccan Oil Shale and Comparative Study between Conventional Cement Plant and Cement Plant Using Oil Shale","volume":"34","author":"Doumbouya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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