{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T22:51:23Z","timestamp":1770418283032,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Religions"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decade, many scholars have explored the thesis of the mediatization of religion proposed by Hjarvard and how mediatization has impacted religious authority. While some scholars have underlined the increasing opportunities for marginalized religious actors to make their voices heard, others have explored how mediatization can also result in the enhancement of traditional religious authority or change the logic of religious authority. Against this background, in this paper, I focus on Christian LGBT+ digital voices in Italy to explore how they discursively engage with the official religious authority of the Catholic Church. The analysis adopts Campbell typology of religious authority. It highlights the complex balance between challenging and reaffirming traditional religious authority, and points out the role of the type of digital community in exploring the effects of the mediatization of religion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rel10080463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T03:25:22Z","timestamp":1564975522000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Mediatized Catholicism\u2014Minority Voices and Religious Authority in the Digital Sphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberta","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Letters, Philosophy and Communication, University of Bergamo, via Pignolo 123, 24121 Bergamo, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/2050303216640399","article-title":"Visibility, transparency and gossip: How did the religion of some (Muslims) become the public concern of others?","volume":"4","author":"Amiraux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Critical Research on Religion"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Arnone, Giuliana (2019, August 01). Rapporto 2016 sui cristiani LGBT in Italia. Available online: https:\/\/www.gionata.org\/rapporto-2016-sui-cristiani-lgbt-in-italia-2\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Aune, Kristin, Sonya, Sharma, and Giselle, Vincett (2008). Women and Religion in the West: Challenging Secularization, Ashgate."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hojsgaard, Morten, and Warburg, Margit (2005). Crossing the boundary: New challenges to religious authority and control as a consequence of access to the Internet. Religion and Cyberspace, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003572-13"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"49","article-title":"Sessualit\u00e0 e stampa cattolica in Italia. Un confronto fra aree e riviste","volume":"88","author":"Bertuzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Religioni & Societ\u00e0"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordan, Giuseppe (2009). Spirituality as a new lifestyles. Conversion in the Age of Pluralism, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004178038.i-334"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/1354571X.2016.1169887","article-title":"A Christian democratization of politics? The new influence of Catholicism on Italian politics since the demise of the Democrazia Cristiana","volume":"21","author":"Bolzonar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Italian Studies"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/14755610.2011.579718","article-title":"Gods on the move: The mediatisation of Vodou","volume":"12","author":"Boutros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Culture and Religion"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0037768616652335","article-title":"La m\u00e9dialisation du religieux dans la th\u00e9orie du post n\u00e9o-protestantisme","volume":"63","author":"Bratosin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Compass"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ferreira, Jairo, Braga, Jos\u00e9 Luiz, Gomes, Pedro Gilberto, Neto, Ant\u00f4nio Fausto, and Rosa, Ana Paula da (2019). Mediatization, post neo-Protestant spirit and affective capitalism. Between What We Say and What We Think: Where Is Mediatization, FACOS-UFSM."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00362.x","article-title":"Who\u2019s got the power? Religious authority and the Internet","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2010.01519.x","article-title":"Religious authority and the blogosphere","volume":"15","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Heidi (2012a). Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203084861"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cheong, Pauline Hope, Fischer-Nielsen, Peter, Gelfgren, Stefan, and Ess, Charles (2012b). How religious communities negotiate new media religiously. Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures, Peter Lang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Heidi A. (2012c). Community. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203084861"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816649912","article-title":"Surveying theoretical approaches within digital religion studies","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Heidi, and Evolvi, Giulia (2019). Contextualizing current digital religion research on emerging technologies. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.149"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/23753234.2016.1181301","article-title":"Assessing changes in the study of religious communities in digital religion studies","volume":"1","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Church, Communication and Culture"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/2050157914520846","article-title":"There\u2019s a religious app for that! A framework for studying religious mobile applications","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mobile Media Communication"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castelli Gattinara, Pietro (2016). The Politics of Migration in Italy: Perspectives on Local and Party Competition, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315628677"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ceccarini, Luigi (2001). Le Voci di Dio. Stampa Cattolica e Politica in Italia, L\u2019Ancora del Mediterraneo."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2307\/2579779","article-title":"Secularization as declining religious authority","volume":"72","author":"Chaves","year":"1994","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/00909882.2011.577085","article-title":"Religious Leaders, Mediated Authority, and Social Change","volume":"39","author":"Cheong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Communication Research"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Heidi A. (2012). Authority. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203084861"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/15348420802223015","article-title":"The chronicles of me: Understanding blogging as a religious practice","volume":"7","author":"Cheong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Media and Religion"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.579139","article-title":"Cultivating online and offline pathways to enlightenment: Religious authority in wired Buddhist organizations","volume":"14","author":"Cheong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lynch, Gordon, and Mitchell, Jolyon (2011a). Religion and authority in a remix culture: How a late night TV host became an authority on religion. Religion, Media, and Culture: A Reader, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/14755610.2011.579717","article-title":"Considering religion and mediatization through a case study of J+K\u2019s big day (The J K wedding entrance dance): A response to Stig Hjarvard","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2011b","journal-title":"Culture and Religion"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammerman, Nancy Tatom (2007). Vicarious religion: A methodological challenge. Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195305418.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hadden, Jeffrey K., and Cowan, Douglas E. (2000). Researching Religion in Cyberspace. Issues and Strategies. Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises, JAI Press\/Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2307\/3712562","article-title":"Internal competition in a national religious monopoly: The Catholic effect and the Italian case","volume":"63","author":"Diotallevi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sociology of Religion"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/1354571X.2016.1169889","article-title":"On the current absence and future improbability of political Catholicism in Italy","volume":"21","author":"Diotallevi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Italian Studies"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enstadt, Daniel, G\u00f6ran, Larsson, and Pace, Enzo (2015). Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Religion and Internet, Koninklijke Brill NV.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004302549"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoover, Stewart M., and Clark, Lynn Schofield (2002). Internet ritual: A case of the construction of computer-mediated neopagan religious meaning. Practicing Religion in the Age of Media, Columbia University Press.","DOI":"10.7312\/hoov12088"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/rel6010042","article-title":"The Concept of Periphery in Pope Francis\u2019 Discourse: A Religious Alternative to Globalization?","volume":"6","author":"Ferrara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Religions"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Garelli, Franco (2014). Religion Italian Style: Continuities and Changes in a Catholic Country, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"63","article-title":"Il soggetto religioso femminile nello spazio pubblico e la questione dell\u2019agency","volume":"XXXII","author":"Giorgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Religioni e Societ\u00e0"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Giorgi, Alberta (2018). Religioni di Minoranza tra Europa e Laicit\u00e0 Locale, Mimesis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, Jeffrey (2019). Religion and political parties: The case of Italy. The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Political Parties, Routledge. in press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351012478"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Marino, Stefania, Penninx, Rinus, and Roosblad, Judith (2017). Migrants in the public discourse, between media, policies and public opinion. Trade Unions, Immigration and Immigrants in Europe in the 21th Century: New Contexts and Challenges in Europe, ILO-Edward Edgar."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"197","article-title":"Mediatization: A concept, multiple voices","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"ESSACHESS\u2014Journal for Communication Studies"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"890","article-title":"I nuovi crociati: la Lega e l\u2019Islam","volume":"5","author":"Guolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"il Mulino"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"63","article-title":"Discovering the Digital Authority. Twitter as Reporting Tool for Papal Activities","volume":"9","author":"Guzek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Herbert, David (2003). Religion and Civil Society. Rethinking Public Religion in the Contemporary World, Ashgate."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch, Gordon, Mitchell, Jolyon, and Strhan, Anna (2011). Why has religion gone public again? Towards a theory of media and religious re-publicization. Religion, Media and Culture: A Reader, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203805657"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Granholm, Kennet, Moberg, Marcus, and Sjo, Sofia (2015). Theorising religious republicisation in Europe: Religion, media and public controversy in the Netherlands and Poland, 2000\u20132012. Religion, Media and Social Change, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1386\/nl.6.1.9_1","article-title":"The mediatization of religion. A theory of the media as agents of religious change","volume":"6","author":"Hjarvard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Northern Lights"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/14755610.2011.579719","article-title":"The mediatisation of religion: Theorising religion, media and social change","volume":"12","author":"Hjarvard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Culture and Religion"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hjarvard, Stig (2013). The Mediatization of Culture and Society, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203155363"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443715615412","article-title":"Mediatization and the changing authority of religion","volume":"38","author":"Hjarvard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Media, Culture & Society"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f8jsgaard, Morten T., and Warburg, Margit (2005). Religion and Cyberspace, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003572"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoover, Stewart (2006). Religion in the Media Age, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203503201"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Cheong, Pauline Hope, Fischer-Nielsen, Peter, Gelfgren, Stefan, and Ess, Charles (2012). A moderate diversity of books? The challenge of new media to the practice of Christian theology. Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures, Peter Lang."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Enstadt, Daniel, Larsson, G\u00f6ran, and Pace, Enzo (2015). Mediatisation, Empowerment, and Sexual Inclusivity: Homosexual Protestant Activism in Contemporary China. Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Religion and Internet, Koninklijke Brill NV."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13537903.2017.1298903","article-title":"Design and the digital Bible: Persuasive technology and religious reading","volume":"32","author":"Hutchings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Religion"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0037768607089735","article-title":"Spirituality and popular religion in Europe","volume":"55","author":"Knoblauch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Compass"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bosch, M\u00edriam D\u00edez, Mic\u00f3, Josep Llu\u00eds, and Carbonell, Josep Maria (2016). How Catholic internet forums are changing Catholicism. The Polish experience. Catholic Communities Online (Blanquerna Observatory Book 3), Blanquerna School of Communication and International Relations."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0142odziejska, Marta (2018). Online Catholic Communities: Community, Authority, and Religious Individualization, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315163376"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"228","article-title":"Between individualisation and tradition: Transforming religious authority on German and Polish Christian online discussion forums","volume":"47","author":"Neumaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Religion"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"205","article-title":"Rethinking cyberreligion? Teens, religion and the Internet in Sweden","volume":"2","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nordicom Review"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/14755610.2011.579738","article-title":"Mediatisation of religion: A critical appraisal","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"Culture and Religion"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Hjarvard, Stig, and L\u00f6vheim, Mia (2012a). A voice of their own: Young Muslim women, blogs and religion. Mediatization and Religion: Nordic Perspectives, Nordicom."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Heidi A. (2012b). Identity. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203084861"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6vheim, Mia (2013). Media, Religion and Gender. Key Issues and New Challenges, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203521748"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f8jsgaard, Morten, and Warburg, Margit (2005). Constructing religious identity on the Internet. Religion and Cyberspace, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003572-17"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/14755610.2011.579715","article-title":"The mediatisation of religion debate: An Introduction","volume":"12","author":"Lynch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Culture and Religion"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443716631288","article-title":"Is \u2018mediatization\u2019 the new paradigm for our field? A commentary on Deacon and Stanyer (2014, 2015) and Hepp, Hjarvard and Lundby (2015)","volume":"38","author":"Lunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Media, Culture & Society"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Enstadt, Daniel, Larsson, G\u00f6ran, and Pace, Enzo (2015). Digital Catholicism: Internet, the Church, and the Vatican Website. Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Religion and Internet, Koninklijke Brill NV."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Enstadt, Daniel, Larsson, G\u00f6ran, and Pace, Enzo (2015). The Internet as a Challenge for Traditional Churches: The Case of the Catholic Church in Poland. Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Religion and Internet, Koninklijke Brill NV."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Martin, James (2017). Building a Bridge: How the Catholic Church and the LGBT Community Can Enter into a Relationship of Respect, Compassion, and Sensitivity, HarperOne."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0037768613492401","article-title":"The \u201csectarian\u201d Church: Catholicism in Italy since John Paul II","volume":"60","author":"Marzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Compass"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Marzano, Marco (2018). La Chiesa Immobile, Laterza."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816663701","article-title":"Mediatization and the technologization of discourse: Exploring official discourse on the Internet and information and communications technology within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland","volume":"20","author":"Moberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molle, Andrea (2018). Religion and right-wing populism in Italy: Using \u2018Judeo-Christian roots\u2019 to kill the European Union. Religion, State & Society.","DOI":"10.1080\/09637494.2018.1532266"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/23753234.2016.1181307","article-title":"Digital leadership, Twitter and Pope Francis, Church","volume":"1","author":"Narbona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communication and Culture"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Migration of Symbols: Religion and Italian Advertising, 1969\u20132013","volume":"8","author":"Nardella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sociologica"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004302549_010","article-title":"Handling deficiencies: Conditions, modes, and consequences of using online Christian discussion boards","volume":"6","author":"Neumaier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozzano, Luca, and Giorgi, Alberta (2016). European Culture Wars and the Italian Case. Which Side Are You On?, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315669892"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Pace, Enzo (2009). Raccontare Dio: la religione come comunicazione, Il Mulino."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0037768613492280","article-title":"Achilles and the tortoise. A society monopolized by Catholicism faced with an unexpected religious pluralism","volume":"60","author":"Pace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Compass"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Ferreira, Jairo, Braga, Jos\u00e9 Luiz, Gomes, Pedro Gilberto, Neto, Ant\u00f4nio Fausto, and Rosa, Ana Paula da (2019). Mediatization, North, and South: Highlights and outlines in Brazilian and Anglo-Saxon Research. Between What We Say and What We Think: Where Is Mediatization, FACOS-UFSM."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"229","article-title":"\u201cAnd the Word Became Network\u201d: An Analysis of the Circulation of the \u201cCatholic\u201d in Online Communicational Networks","volume":"11","author":"Sbardelotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912907313077","article-title":"Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research. A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options","volume":"61","author":"Seawright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Bosch, M\u00edriam D\u00edez, Mic\u00f3, Josep Llu\u00eds, and Carbonell, Josep Maria (2016). e-Participation and civic engagement. Active citizenship and Catholic associations in the framework of dialogic democracy. Catholic Communities Online (Blanquerna Observatory Book 3), Blanquerna School of Communication and International Relations."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Sumiala-Sepp\u00e4nen, Johanna, Lundby, Knut, and Salokangas, Raimo (2006). Implications of the Sacred in (Post)Modern Media, Nordicom."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Taylor, Charles (2007). A Secular Age, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/13537903.2019.1585104","article-title":"Creating charisma online: The role of digital presence in the formation of religious identity","volume":"34","author":"Tee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Religion"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Enstadt, Daniel, Larsson, G\u00f6ran, and Pace, Enzo (2015). Cyber Sisters: Buddhist Women\u2019s Online Activism and Practice. Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Religion and Internet, Koninklijke Brill NV."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Tudor, Mihaela A. (2019, August 01). Multim\u00e9diatisation et \u00e9v\u00e9nement religieux: le cas de la champagne d\u2019\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation l\u2019\u00ab Horizon de l\u2019esp\u00e9rance \u00bb de Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV). Available online: http:\/\/ticetsociete.revues.org\/1840."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mediatiza\u00e7\u00e3o do religioso: Novas formas de igreja","volume":"5","author":"Tudor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quest\u00f5es Transversais Revista de Epistemologias da Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Turina, Isacco (2013). Chiesa e Biopolitica. Il Discorso Cattolico su Famiglia, Sessualit\u00e0 e vita Umana da Pio XI a Benedetto XVI, Mimesis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276407075001","article-title":"Religious authority and the new media theory","volume":"24","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theory, Culture & Society"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Schewel, Ben, and Wilson, Erin K. (2019). The Religious Dimensions of Contemporary Populism. Religion and European Spciety: A Primer, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Weber, Max (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, University of California Press. First published 1922."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Lever, Franco, Rivoltella, Pier Cesare, and Zanacchi, Adriano (2019, April 26). Cattolici e mass media. Available online: www.lacomunicazione.it."}],"container-title":["Religions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1444\/10\/8\/463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:13:00Z","timestamp":1760188380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1444\/10\/8\/463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rel10080463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel10080463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-1444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-1444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]}}}