{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:06:02Z","timestamp":1775671562645,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Resources"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world; however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of 13 ARVs was estimated for surface seawater from Santos Bay, Brazil, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) guidelines. The results indicated that all ARVs need to be assessed for their ecological effects, considering that they all exceeded the EMEA guideline limits (PEC &gt; 0.01 \u00b5g L\u22121). In this sense, three ARVs (namely atazanavir, nevirapine and efavirenz) were selected for the acute and chronic tests with sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter). Furthermore, the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for these three ARVs was also performed by calculating the risk quotient. The acute and chronic toxicity results showed inhibitory concentrations (IC) for the fertilization (IC50; 1 h; range: 11.46\u201384.61 mg L\u22121) and for the embryo\u2013larval development (IC50; 42 h; range: 0.52\u20130.97 mg L\u22121) of the sea urchin, respectively. Moreover, the ERA showed that these three ARVs are potentially hazardous for aquatic life in Santos Bay, raising concerns about the continuous introduction of ARVs in aquatic ecosystems. The data presented may contribute to the provision of subsidies for the development of monitoring public policies that aim to reduce the introduction of ARVs into the aquatic environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/resources10110114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:39:07Z","timestamp":1636493947000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin Echinometra lucunter and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5427-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Sakai","family":"Cid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Ces\u00e1rio Mota 8, F83A, Santos 11045-040, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, Santos 11045-907, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vinicius","family":"Roveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Department, Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro N\u00e9bias, 536, Encruzilhada, Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Guedes","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alzira Pimenta","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando Sanzi","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, Santos 11045-907, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Rigos","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Ces\u00e1rio Mota 8, F83A, Santos 11045-040, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Walber","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Ces\u00e1rio Mota 8, F83A, Santos 11045-040, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Cesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, Santos 11045-907, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua Maria M\u00e1ximo, 168, Santos 11030-100, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luciana Lopes","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Laboratory, Santa Cec\u00edlia University (UNISANTA), Rua Ces\u00e1rio Mota 8, F83A, Santos 11045-040, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackburn, S., Pelling, M., and Marques, C. 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