{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:05Z","timestamp":1760147105396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/GVB\/0167\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GVB\/0167\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Resources"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on bio-oil production by thermochemical liquefaction. For the reaction, the burnt pine heartwood was used as feedstock material, 2-Ethylhexanol (2-EHEX) was used as a solvent, p-Toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) was used as a catalyst, and the solvent for washing was acetone. The procedure consisted of a moderate-acid-catalysed liquefaction process, and it was applied at three different temperatures, 120, 140, and 160 \u00b0C, and at 30, 105, and 180 min periods with 1%, 5.5%, and 10% (m\/m) catalyst concentration of overall mass. Optimal results showed a bio-oil yield of 86.03% and a higher heating value (HHV) of 36.41 MJ\/kg, which was 1.96 times more than the HHV of the burnt pine heartwood. A reaction surface methodology (Box\u2013Behnken design) was performed for the liquefaction reaction optimisation. Reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were chosen as independent variables. The obtained model showed good results with a high adjusted R-squared (0.988) and an excellent p-value (less than 0.001). The liquefied products were characterised by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and also Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to validate the impact of the morphological changes on the surface area of the solid samples. This study shows an excellent opportunity to validate a method to upcycle woody wastes via acid-catalysed liquefaction. In particular, this approach is of great interest to produce bio-oil with a good yield, recovering part of the values lost during wildfires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/resources12010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T01:36:17Z","timestamp":1673228177000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modelling of Burnt Pine Heartwood Acid-Catalysed Liquefaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1608-1063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sila","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla S. G. P.","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Management Studies (CEG-IST), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Puna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Departamental de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Departamental de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bordado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Galhano dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bioenergy Association (2022, December 30). GLOBAL BIOENERGY STATISTICS 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbioenergy.org\/news\/640\/47\/Global-Bioenergy-Statistics-2021\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.11.033","article-title":"Synthesis gas production from water electrolysis, using the Electrocracking concept","volume":"6","author":"Guerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. 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