{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:01:09Z","timestamp":1774929669562,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risks"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to analyze the determinants of bank profitability in Angola by employing panel data econometric models, specifically, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), to assess the impact of internal and external factors on the financial indicators ROE, ROA, and NIM for the period 2016 to 2023. The results reveal that credit risk, operational efficiency, and liquidity are critical determinants of banking performance. Effective credit risk management and cost optimization are essential for the sector\u2019s stability. Banking concentration presents mixed effects, enhancing net interest income while potentially undermining efficiency. Economic growth supports profitability, whereas inflation exerts a negative influence. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened asset quality, increased credit risk, and led to a rise in non-performing loans and provisions. Reforms implemented by the National Bank of Angola have contributed to strengthening the banking system\u2019s resilience through restructuring and regulatory improvements. The rise of digitalization and fintech presents opportunities to enhance financial inclusion and efficiency, although their success relies on advancing financial literacy. This study contributes to the literature by providing updated empirical evidence on the factors influencing bank profitability within an emerging economy\u2019s distinctive institutional and economic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/risks13070123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T03:54:28Z","timestamp":1751255668000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Determinants of Banking Profitability in Angola: A Panel Data Analysis with Dynamic GMM Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3904-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eurico Lionjanga","family":"Cangombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Gomes","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOVCOPP\u2014Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, Higher Institute of Accounting and Administration of Aveiro, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"RGEAF Group Research-ECOBAS, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9672-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Oliveira","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REMIT\u2014Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Department of Economics and Management, Universidade Portucalense, 4200-027 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas n\u00ba 1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/jcaf.22522","article-title":"Capital, liquidity, and profitability in European banks","volume":"33","author":"Adelopo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11573-022-01093-w","article-title":"COVID-19 and bank performance in dual-banking countries: An empirical analysis","volume":"92","author":"Alabbad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Economics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ijfe.1655","article-title":"The determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks: A panel data approach","volume":"24","author":"Almaqtari","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Finance & Economics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3934\/QFE.2025014","article-title":"Determinants of bank profitability in Portugal: Insights from a period of sectoral transformation","volume":"9","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quantitative Finance and Economics"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"701","article-title":"Determinants of dividend policy: Evidence from Portugal","volume":"17","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Gest\u00e3o de Neg\u00f3cios"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, Lu\u00eds, Chanoca, Jo\u00e3o, and Tavares, Fernando (2024). 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