{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:51:13Z","timestamp":1765486273493,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004613","name":"China Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DD20160342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20160342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590852, 41001264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590852, 41001264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The offset tracking technique based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image intensity information can estimate glacier displacement even when glacier velocities are high and the time interval between images is long, allowing for the broad use of this technique in glacier velocity monitoring. Terrestrial laser scanners, a non-contact measuring system, can measure the velocity of a glacier even if there are no control points arranged on a glacier. In this study, six COSMO-SkyMed images acquired between 31 July and 22 December 2016 were used to obtain the glacial movements of five glaciers on the northern slope of the central Himalayas using the offset tracking approach. During the period of image acquirement, a terrestrial laser scanner was used, and point clouds of two periods in a small area at the terminus of the Pingcuoliesa Glacier were obtained. By selecting three fixed areas of the point clouds that have similar shapes across two periods, the displacements of the centers of gravity of the selected areas were calculated by using contrast analyses of feature points. Although the overall low-density point clouds data indicate that the glacial surfaces have low albedos relative to the wavelength of the terrestrial laser scanner and the effect of its application is therefore influenced in this research, the registration accuracy of 0.0023 m\/d in the non-glacial areas of the scanner\u2019s measurements is acceptable, considering the magnitude of 0.072 m\/d of the minimum glacial velocity measured by the scanner. The displacements from the point clouds broadly agree with the results of the offset tracking technique in the same area, which provides further evidence of the reliability of the measurements of the SAR data in addition to the analyses of the root mean squared error of the velocity residuals in non-glacial areas. The analysis of the movement of five glaciers in the study area revealed the dynamic behavior of these glacial surfaces across five periods. G089972E28213N Glacier, Pingcuoliesa Glacier and Shimo Glacier show increasing surface movement velocities from the terminus end to the upper part with elevations of 1500 m, 4500 m, and 6400 m, respectively. The maximum velocities on the glacial surface profiles were 31.69 cm\/d, 62.40 cm\/d, and 42.00 cm\/d, respectively. In contrast, the maximum velocity of Shie Glacier, 50.60 cm\/d, was observed at the glacier\u2019s terminus. For each period, G090138E28210N Glacier exhibited similar velocity values across the surface profile, with a maximum velocity of 39.70 cm\/d. The maximum velocities of G089972E28213N Glacier, Pingcuoliesa Glacier, and Shie Glacier occur in the areas where the topography is steepest. In general, glacial surface velocities are higher in the summer than in the winter in this region. With the assistance of a terrestrial laser scanner with optimized wavelengths or other proper ground-based remote sensing instruments, the offset tracking technique based on high-resolution satellite SAR data should provide more reliable and detailed information for local and even single glacial surface displacement monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T04:12:09Z","timestamp":1552623129000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Monitoring and Analyzing Mountain Glacier Surface Movement Using SAR Data and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner: A Case Study of the Himalayas North Slope Glacier Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinghui","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Highway Engineering Consultants Corporation, CHECC Data Co., Ltd., Research and Development Center of Transport Industry of Spatial Information Application and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaocheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Junhuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Weilin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Perski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Geological Institute\u2014National Research Institute, Carpathian Branch, 31560 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, and INESC TEC (Formerly INESC Porto), 5000801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3189\/172756402781817978","article-title":"Ice-sheet velocity mapping: A combined interferometric and speckle-tracking approach","volume":"34","author":"Joughin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. 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