{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T21:20:38Z","timestamp":1776892838666,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]],"date-time":"2019-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fire severity is a key factor for management of post-fire vegetation regeneration strategies because it quantifies the impact of fire, describing the amount of damage. Several indices have been developed for estimation of fire severity based on terrestrial observation by satellite imagery. In order to avoid the implicit limitations of this kind of data, this work employed an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) carrying a high-resolution multispectral sensor including green, red, near-infrared, and red edge bands. Flights were carried out pre- and post-controlled fire in a Mediterranean forest. The products obtained from the UAV-photogrammetric projects based on the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm were a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and multispectral images orthorectified in both periods and co-registered in the same absolute coordinate system to find the temporal differences (d) between pre- and post-fire values of the Excess Green Index (EGI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) index. The differences of indices (dEGI, dNDVI, and dNDRE) were reclassified into fire severity classes, which were compared with the reference data identified through the in situ fire damage location and Artificial Neural Network classification. Applying an error matrix analysis to the three difference of indices, the overall Kappa accuracies of the severity maps were 0.411, 0.563, and 0.211 and the Cramer\u2019s Value statistics were 0.411, 0.582, and 0.269 for dEGI, dNDVI, and dNDRE, respectively. The chi-square test, used to compare the average of each severity class, determined that there were no significant differences between the three severity maps, with a 95% confidence level. It was concluded that dNDVI was the index that best estimated the fire severity according to the UAV flight conditions and sensor specifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11090993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]],"date-time":"2019-04-26T04:29:41Z","timestamp":1556252981000},"page":"993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Evaluation of Fire Severity Indices Based on Pre- and Post-Fire Multispectral Imagery Sensed from UAV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Carvajal-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Mediterranean Research Center of Economics and Sustainable Development (CIMEDES), University of Almer\u00eda (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3). La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n. 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rafael","family":"Marques da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of \u00c9vora, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas (ICAAM), Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Agroinsider. PITE-R. Circular Norte, NERE Sala 12.10, 7005-841 \u00c9vora Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ag\u00fcera-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Mediterranean Research Center of Economics and Sustainable Development (CIMEDES), University of Almer\u00eda (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3). La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n. 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Carricondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Mediterranean Research Center of Economics and Sustainable Development (CIMEDES), University of Almer\u00eda (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3). La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n. 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Service of Research and Development based on drones, University of Almeria. La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n. 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of \u00c9vora, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas (ICAAM), Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco Jes\u00fas","family":"Moral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. de Elvas s\/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1788-8","article-title":"Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: A review","volume":"143","author":"Certini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11-00271.1","article-title":"Both topography and climate affected forest and woodland burn severity in two regions of the western US, 1984 to 2006","volume":"2","author":"Dillon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0836.1","article-title":"Fire severity and ecosytem responses following crown fires in California shrublands","volume":"18","author":"Keeley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. 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