{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:58:09Z","timestamp":1771037889323,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/104663\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/104663\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Piano di Ateneo di Sostegno alla Ricerca 2018","award":["University of Siena"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["University of Siena"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013239","name":"Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de Aveiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["National funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National funds"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["co-funding within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["co-funding within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite remote sensing data are often used to extract water surfaces related to extreme events like floods. This study presents the Multi INDEx Differencing (MINDED) method, an innovative procedure to estimate flood extents, aiming at improving the robustness of single water-related indices and threshold-based approaches. MINDED consists of a change detection approach integrating specific sensitivities of several indices. Moreover, the method also allows to quantify the uncertainty of the Overall flood map, based on both the agreement level of the stack of classifications and the weight of every index obtained from the literature. Assuming the lack of ground truths to be the most common condition in flood mapping, MINDED also integrates a procedure to reduce the subjectivity of thresholds extraction focused on the analysis of water-related indices frequency distribution. The results of the MINDED application to a case study using Landsat images are compared with an alternative change detection method using Sentinel-1A data, and demonstrate consistency with local fluvial flood records.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T11:59:56Z","timestamp":1559303996000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Multi-Index Image Differencing Method (MINDED) for Flood Extent Estimations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COPING TEAM\u2014Coastal and Ocean Planning Governance, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Disperati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cenci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA Research Foundation, 17100 Savona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza US, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Gomes Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1gueda School of Technology and Management, Aveiro University, 3750\u2013127 \u00c1gueda, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima L.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPING TEAM\u2014Coastal and Ocean Planning Governance, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810\u2013120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EEA (2010). 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