{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:56:29Z","timestamp":1770296189734,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to calculate and analyse the spatial and temporal variation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and precipitable water vapour (PWV) and their effects on solar radiation at the surface in the Mediterranean basin, one of the maritime areas with the largest aerosol loads in the world. For the achievement of this objective, a novel and validated methodology was applied. Satellite data, specifically CERES (Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System) SYN1deg products during the period 2000\u20132018, were used. Results show that the spatial distribution of AOT and PWV are closely linked to the spatial distributions of its effects on solar radiation. These effects are negative, indicating a reduction of solar radiation reaching the surface due to aerosol and water vapour effects. This reduction ranges between 2% and 8% for AOT, 11.5% and 15% for PWV and 14% and 20% for the combined effect. The analysis of the temporal distribution has focused on the detection of trends from their anomalies. This study has contributed to a better understanding of AOT and PWV effects on solar radiation over the Mediterranean basin, one of the most climatically sensitive regions of the planet, and highlighted the importance of water vapour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Variation of Aerosol and Water Vapour Effects on Solar Radiation in the Mediterranean Basin during the Last Two Decades"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute of Earth Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"D00D09","article-title":"Dimming\/brightening over the Iberian Peninsula: Trends in sunshine duration and cloud cover and their relations with atmospheric circulation","volume":"114","author":"Brunetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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