{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T21:00:08Z","timestamp":1760821208297,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Israel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-16525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-16525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portugal Ministry of Science","award":["PT-IL\/0002\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-IL\/0002\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measuring and forecasting changes in coastal and deep-water ecosystems and climates requires sustained long-term measurements from marine observation systems. One of the key considerations in analyzing data from marine observatories is quality assurance (QA). The data acquired by these infrastructures accumulates into Giga and Terabytes per year, necessitating an accurate automatic identification of false samples. A particular challenge in the QA of oceanographic datasets is the avoidance of disqualification of data samples that, while appearing as outliers, actually represent real short-term phenomena, that are of importance. In this paper, we present a novel cross-sensor QA approach that validates the disqualification decision of a data sample from an examined dataset by comparing it to samples from related datasets. This group of related datasets is chosen so as to reflect upon the same oceanographic phenomena that enable some prediction of the examined dataset. In our approach, a disqualification is validated if the detected anomaly is present only in the examined dataset, but not in its related datasets. Results for a surface water temperature dataset recorded by our Texas A&amp;M\u2014Haifa Eastern Mediterranean Marine Observatory (THEMO)\u2014over a period of 7 months, show an improved trade-off between accurate and false disqualification rates when compared to two standard benchmark schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"3470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cross-Sensor Quality Assurance for Marine Observatories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roee","family":"Diamant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technologies, Charney School of Marine Sciences (CSMS), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}]},{"given":"Ilan","family":"Shachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technologies, Charney School of Marine Sciences (CSMS), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6762-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yizhaq","family":"Makovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technologies, Charney School of Marine Sciences (CSMS), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Marine Geosciences, CSMS, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Miguel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6365-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Alexandre","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walpert, J., Guinasso, N., Lee, W., Liu, D., and Buschang, S. (2014, January 14\u201319). TABS responder\u2014A quick response buoy to supplement the TABS network. Proceedings of the 2014 Oceans-St. John\u2019s, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2014.7003137"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2011.633464","article-title":"Ocean Tracking Network Canada: A network approach to addressing critical issues in fisheries and resource management with implications for ocean governance","volume":"36","author":"Cooke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamant, R., Knapr, A., Dahan, S., Mardix, I., Walpert, J., and DiMarco, S. (2018, January 28\u201331). THEMO: The Texas A&M-University of Haifa-Eastern Mediterranean Observatory. Proceedings of the 2018 OCEANS-MTS\/IEEE Kobe Techno-Oceans (OTO), Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSKOBE.2018.8558873"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koziana, J., Olson, J., Anselmo, T., and Lu, W. (2008, January 15\u201318). Automated data quality assurance for marine observations. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2008, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2008.5151904"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5068550","article-title":"Adding value to big acoustic data from ocean observatories: Metadata, online processing, and a computing sandbox","volume":"144","author":"Biffard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, June 01). Quality Control of Ocean Observatory Initiative. Available online: https:\/\/oceanobservatories.org\/quality-contro."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeysirigunawardena, D., Jeffries, M., Morley, M., Bui, A., and Hoeberechts, M. (2015, January 19\u201322). Data quality control and quality assurance practices for Ocean Networks Canada observatories. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2015-MTS\/IEEE Washington, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS.2015.7404600"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wong, A., Keeley, R., and Carval, T. (2018). Argo Quality Control Manual for CTD and Trajectory Data, Version 3.1, IFREMER. Technical report."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GC008349","article-title":"Nonseismic Signals in the Ocean: Indicators of Deep Sea and Seafloor Processes on Ocean-Bottom Seismometer Data","volume":"20","author":"Batsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamant, R., Dahan, S., and Mardix, I. (2018, January 28\u201330). Communication Operations at THEMO: The Texas A&M - University of Haifa - Eastern Mediterranean Observatory. Proceedings of the 2018 Fourth Underwater Communications and Networking Conference (UComms), Lerici, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/UComms.2018.8493178"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Howe, B., Chan, T., El-Sharkawi, M., Kenney, M., Kolve, S., Liu, C., Lu, S., McGinnis, T., Schneider, K., and Siani, C. (,  2006). Power System for the MARS Ocean Cabled Observatory. Proceedings of the Scientific Submarine Cable 2006 Conference, Available online: http:\/\/neptunepower.apl.washington.edu\/publications\/documents\/psftmoco.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bushnell, M., Kinkade, C., and Worthington, H. (2020, June 01). Manual for Real-Time Quality Control of Ocean Optics Data: A Guide to Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Coastal and Oceanic Optics Observations. Available online: file:\/\/\/Users\/Downloads\/noaa_20938_DS1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bushnell, M., and Worthington, H. (2020, June 01). Manual for Real-Time Quality Control of Wind Data: A Guide to Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Coastal and Oceanic Wind Observations, Available online: https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/15487."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9589","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009589","article-title":"Automated data quality assessment of marine sensors","volume":"11","author":"Timms","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bringing physics to life at the submesoscale","volume":"39","author":"Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"20160117","article-title":"Submesoscale currents in the ocean","volume":"472","author":"McWilliams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talley, L. (2011). Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-4552-2.10001-0"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2020, October 01). Datasets Used for Analysis and Their Tagging. Available online: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1SDoV8wejlpYtn3hBrYlw0uej5vmMHJqC?usp=sharing."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Mamayev, O. (2010). Temperature-Salinity Analysis of World Ocean Waters, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"383","article-title":"Global water masses-summary and review","volume":"9","author":"Emery","year":"1986","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.526","article-title":"Compensation of horizontal temperature and salinity gradients in the ocean mixed layer","volume":"283","author":"Rudnick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0265(02)00022-2","article-title":"On the horizontal density ratio in the upper ocean","volume":"36","author":"Rudnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dyn. Atmos. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/35361","article-title":"The generation of plankton patchiness by turbulent stirring","volume":"391","author":"Abraham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3354\/meps258019","article-title":"Temperature as indicator of optical properties and community structure of marine phytoplankton: Implications for remote sensing","volume":"258","author":"Bouman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.256.4.225","article-title":"Properties of water, Part II: The equation of state of water and sea water at low temperatures and pressure","volume":"256","author":"Eckart","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1972)002<0510:AAEOSF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An approximate equation of state for numerical models of ocean circulation","volume":"2","author":"Bryan","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2008.2004378","article-title":"A general approach for the transient detection of slip-dependent fault components based on the discrete wavelet transform","volume":"55","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2912325","article-title":"A Statistically-Based Method for the Detection of Underwater Objects in Sonar Imagery","volume":"19","author":"Abu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2756055","article-title":"On the Relationship Between the Underwater Acoustic and Optical Channels","volume":"16","author":"Diamant","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/B:STCO.0000035301.49549.88","article-title":"A tutorial on support vector regression","volume":"14","author":"Smola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kokare, M., Chatterji, B., and Biswas, P. (2003, January 15\u201317). Comparison of similarity metrics for texture image retrieval. Proceedings of the Conference on Convergent Technologies for Asia-Pacific Region (TENCON), Bangalore, India."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/21\/3470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:25:46Z","timestamp":1760178346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/21\/3470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12213470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12213470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]}}}