{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:30:16Z","timestamp":1774445416065,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PORBIOTA \u2013 Portuguese E-Infrastructure for Information and Research on Biodiversity (PO-CI-01-0145-FEDER-022127)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PORBIOTA \u2013 Portuguese E-Infrastructure for Information and Research on Biodiversity (PO-CI-01-0145-FEDER-022127)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT Ref. 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Predictions of invasion dynamics derived from modeling tools are often spatially coarse and therefore unsuitable for guiding local management. Accurate information on the occurrence of invasive plants and on the main factors that promote their spread is critical to define successful control strategies. For addressing this challenge, we developed a dual framework combining satellite image classification with predictive ecological modeling. By combining data from georeferenced invaded areas with multispectral imagery with 10-meter resolution from Sentinel-2 satellites, a map of areas invaded by the woody invasive Acacia longifolia in a municipality of northern Portugal was devised. Classifier fusion techniques were implemented through which eight statistical and machine-learning algorithms were ensembled to produce accurate maps of invaded areas. Through a Random Forest (RF) model, these maps were then used to explore the factors driving the landscape-level abundance of A. longifolia. RF models were based on explanatory variables describing hypothesized environmental drivers, including climate, topography\/geomorphology, soil properties, fire disturbance, landscape composition, linear structures, and landscape spatial configuration. Satellite-based maps synoptically described the spatial patterns of invaded areas, with classifications attaining high accuracy values (True Skill Statistic, TSS: 0.895, Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve, ROC: 0.988, Kappa: 0.857). The predictive RF models highlighted the primary role of climate, followed by landscape composition and configuration, as the most important drivers explaining the species abundance at the landscape level. Our innovative dual framework\u2014combining image classification and predictive ecological modeling\u2014can guide decision-making processes regarding effective management of invasions by prioritizing the invaded areas and tackling the primary environmental and anthropogenic drivers of the species\u2019 abundance and spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"3287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["\u2018The Best of Two Worlds\u2019\u2014Combining Classifier Fusion and Ecological Models to Map and Explain Landscape Invasion by an Alien Shrub"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2466-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mouta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prometheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prometheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prometheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u2014Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim M.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prometheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u2014Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o F.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prometheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u2014Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Honrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u2014Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana R.","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO\u2014Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Rua Campo Alegre s\/n, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.11.017","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem services and disservices: Insights from plant invasions","volume":"23","author":"Vaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. 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