{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:21:34Z","timestamp":1775917294951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","award":["CLS-ENV-BC-20-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLS-ENV-BC-20-0017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We address surface wave breaking caused by oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) and how ISWs are manifested in the SAR altimeter onboard Sentinel-3A and -3B satellites by means of their effects in Significant Wave Height (SWH). Two different regions of the ocean are selected, namely the tropical Atlantic Ocean off the Amazon shelf and the Banda Sea in the Indian Ocean, where there are scenes of Sentinel-3 OLCI acquired simultaneously with an along-track SAR mode altimeter, which include signatures of large amplitude ISWs. New data of unfocused SAR (UF-SAR 20 Hz) and fully focused SAR (FF-SAR 160 Hz) modes are analyzed, which are retracked in full range and over a reduced range of bins (truncation carried out dynamically ten gates away from the estimated epoch position). At first order, in scales of 1\u20133 km, a strong decrease in the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) over the rough part of the ISWs is observed followed by a small increase in the smooth part relative to the unperturbed ocean background. A second order ISW signature, in scales of 20 km, is noted: the SWH is attenuated after the passage of an ISW, considering length scales of about 10 km before and after the ISW crest. The SWH signatures are unique in showing that the surface wave energy does not return to its unperturbed level after the passage of an ISW, admittedly because intense meter-scale wave breaking results in surface wave energy dissipation. Furthermore, Sentinel-2 MSI images are analyzed and provide insights into this same phenomenon: white-capping resulting in a radiance increase at all (visible) wavelengths. Modulation of breaking waves owing to ISWs is demonstrated by estimates of the fraction of breaking waves in the presence of internal waves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of Surface Wave Breaking Caused by Internal Solitary Waves in SAR Altimeter: Sentinel-3 Copernicus Products and Advanced New Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adriana M.","family":"Santos-Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geoscience, Environment and Spatial Planning (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. B.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience, Environment and Spatial Planning (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Polo Porto, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geoscience, Environment and Spatial Planning (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Amraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 11 Rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 11 Rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Maraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019\u00c9tudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Boy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019\u00c9tudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Picot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019\u00c9tudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Borde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA\/ESTEC), Keplerlaan, 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i006p00865","article-title":"Observations of oceanic internal and surface waves from the earth resources technology satellite","volume":"80","author":"Apel","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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