{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:14:14Z","timestamp":1768623254145,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["810176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810176"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With global warming, grapevine is expected to be increasingly exposed to water deficits occurring at various development stages. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential impacts of projected climate change on water deficits from the flowering to veraison period for two main white wine cultivars (Riesling and M\u00fcller-Thurgau) in Germany. A process-based soil-crop model adapted for grapevine was utilized to simulate the flowering-veraison crop water stress indicator (CWSI) of these two varieties between 1976\u20132005 (baseline) and 2041\u20132070 (future period) based on a suite of bias-adjusted regional climate model (RCM) simulations under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Our evaluation indicates that the model can capture the early-ripening (M\u00fcller-Thurgau) and late-ripening (Riesling) traits, with a mean bias of prediction of \u22642 days and a well-reproduced inter-annual variability for more than 60 years. Under climate projections, the flowering stage is advanced by 10\u201320 days (higher in RCP8.5) between the two varieties, whereas a slightly stronger advancement is found for M\u00fcller-Thurgau than for Riesling for the veraison stage. As a result, the flowering-veraison phenophase is mostly shortened for M\u00fcller-Thurgau, whereas it is extended by up to two weeks for Riesling in cool and high-elevation areas. The length of phenophase plays an important role in projected changes of flowering-veraison mean temperature and precipitation. The late-ripening trait of Riesling makes it more exposed to increased summer temperature (mainly in August), resulting in a higher mean temperature increase for Riesling (1.5\u20132.5 \u00b0C) than for M\u00fcller-Thurgau (1\u20132 \u00b0C). As a result, an overall increased CWSI by up to 15% (ensemble median) is obtained for both varieties, whereas the upper (95th) percentile of simulations shows a strong signal of increased water deficit by up to 30%, mostly in the current winegrowing regions. Intensified water deficit stress can represent a major threat for high-quality white wine production, as only mild water deficits are acceptable. Nevertheless, considerable variabilities of CWSI were discovered among RCMs, highlighting the importance of efforts towards reducing uncertainties in climate change impact assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T21:48:42Z","timestamp":1647899322000},"page":"1519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Flowering-Veraison Water Deficits for Riesling and M\u00fcller-Thurgau in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6079-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro (Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Menz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research e. V. (PIK), Telegrafenberg A 31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"given":"Maxim Sim\u00f5es","family":"De Abreu Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alter Ibi\u2014Cross-Border Association for Development, Urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o Lameiro de \u00c1gua 5, Lote 3, 6430-198 Meda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Costafreda-Aumedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Moriondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0943-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Leolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5811-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Torres-Matallana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Urban and Built Environment, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 9 Av. des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7487-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agro-Environmental Systems, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Junk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agro-Environmental Systems, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro (Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9428-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelis","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGFV, Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, 33882 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro (Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OIV (2021, June 01). 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