{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:23:40Z","timestamp":1775125420061,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union and the European Union Agency","award":["nr. GSA\/GRANT\/04\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr. GSA\/GRANT\/04\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Space Programme (EUSPA)","award":["nr. GSA\/GRANT\/04\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr. GSA\/GRANT\/04\/2016"]}]},{"name":"GRC-MS project","award":["nr. GSA\/GRANT\/04\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr. GSA\/GRANT\/04\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 15 December 2016, the European Commission (EC) declared the provision of the Galileo Initial Services (IS). This marked a historical milestone in the Galileo program, towards the reaching of its Full Operational Capability. This allows users to navigate with performance-accuracy levels either matching or exceeding those obtained with other GNSS. Under the delegation of the EC, the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) has assumed the role of the Galileo Service Provider. As part of this service provision, the primary mission of the Galileo Reference Centre (GRC) is to provide the EUSPA and the EC with independent means for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the Galileo services, the quality of the signals in space, and the performance of other GNSS. This mission includes significant contributions from cooperating entities in the European Union (EU) Member States (MS), Norway and Switzerland. In particular, for a detailed assessment of the Galileo performance, these contributions include (but are not limited to) periodic dynamic campaigns in three different environments (aerial, terrestrial, and maritime). These campaigns were executed in the frame of the GRC-MS Project and use multi-constellation receivers to compare the navigation performance obtained with different GNSS. The objective of this paper is to present the numerical results obtained from these campaigns, together with several considerations about the experimental setup, the methodology for the estimation of the reference (\u00abactual\u00bb) trajectory, and the reasons for possible performance degradations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Kinematic Galileo and GPS Performances in Aerial, Terrestrial, and Maritime Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Buist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Agency for the Space Programme, Galileo Reference Centre, Zwarteweg 53, 2201 AA Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaela","family":"Cefalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoSNav Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6\/2, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Alberto","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Ivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5767-7077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Americo","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Pandele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Porretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Agency for the Space Programme, Galileo Reference Centre, Zwarteweg 53, 2201 AA Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1114-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Radutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romanian Space Agency, 21\u201325 Mendeleev Str., 010362 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Sluga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoSNav Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6\/2, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoSNav Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6\/2, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Their Applications","volume":"3","author":"Someswar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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