{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T07:59:33Z","timestamp":1764403173553,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LSA-SAF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The frequency and intensity of extreme hot events have increased worldwide, particularly over the past couple of decades. Europe has been affected by unprecedented mega heatwaves, namely the events that struck Western Europe in 2003 and Eastern Europe in 2010. The year 2018 was also reported as an unusually hot year, with record-breaking temperatures in many parts of Europe during spring and summer, associated with severe and unusual wildfires and significant crop losses in central and northern Europe. We show the ability of Land Surface Temperature (LST), retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) to monitor heat extremes, using the 2018 European event as a showcase. The monitoring approach relies on monthly anomalies performed as departures from the median and the monthly number of hot days (NHD), both computed for satellite LST derived from MSG and MODIS, and for 2 m air temperature (T2m) from ERA5 reanalysis, using as threshold the 90th percentiles. Results show strong monthly LST anomalies during the spring and summer of 2018 extending over central and north Europe. Over a vast region in Central and Northern Europe, LST reached the last 15 years high record. Moreover, those outstanding warm LSTs persisted for more than four months. Results obtained using MODIS LST and ERA5 T2m show similar patterns, which, although slightly less intense, corroborate the exceptionality of the heat extremes observed over central and northern Europe during 2018. The spatial pattern of the number of monthly record high anomalies over the MSG observations period clearly depicts the regions in Northern and Central Europe affected by the complex phenomena that occurred in 2018, which resulted from the combined effect of an extreme heatwave in spring and summer with extensive dry conditions. Therefore, the results highlighted the suitability of MSG LST to evaluate and monitor heat extremes alone or combined with dry and bright conditions and prompts the potential of other climate data records from geostationary satellites to characterize these climate extremes that could become the norm in the near future over central and northern Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T23:10:22Z","timestamp":1658272222000},"page":"3470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Monitoring Heat Extremes across Central Europe Using Land Surface Temperature Data Records from SEVIRI\/MSG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia M.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0042-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Dur\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8640-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel F.","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001189","article-title":"Concurrent 2018 hot extremes across Northern Hemisphere due to human-induced climate change","volume":"7","author":"Vogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0159.1","article-title":"The exceptional Iberian heatwave of summer 2018","volume":"101","author":"Barriopedro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. 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