{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:17:38Z","timestamp":1760231858242,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000","award":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"]}]},{"name":"National Fish and Wildlife Foundation","award":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"]}]},{"name":"Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey","award":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through funds attributed to CESAM","award":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"]}]},{"name":"PORTARIA MCT","award":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F15AP00964","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","162 de 25\/fev\/2016","SISBIO 42418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many species of shorebirds migrate long distances from their overwintering grounds in the southern hemisphere to breeding grounds in the northern hemisphere. The coastal intertidal zone, consisting of sand and mud flats exposed at low tide and covered at high tide, is heavily used as a migratory stopover or overwintering habitat. Understanding the spatial distribution of sediment types at these stopover sites is a critical step for understanding habitat use by shorebird species. Due to their importance as overwintering and stopover habitat for the imperiled western Atlantic subpopulation of the shorebird, the red knot (Calidris canutus rufa), as well as other migratory shorebirds, the northern coast of Brazil between Par\u00e1 and Maranh\u00e3o, and Bah\u00eda Lomas in northern Tierra del Fuego, Chile, were selected for further investigation as to the applicability of remotely sensed characterization of the intertidal flat habitats. Examination of the Landsat 8 multispectral reflectance and Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter reveals that sand and mud represent endmembers at opposite ends of a continuous gradient in feature space. While remotely sensed data can be used to discriminate between mud and sand intertidal types, the spectral relationships varied between the two very different geographic locations. The inclusion of both multispectral and radar sensing imagery can lead to important insights about the physical properties of the sediment that would be omitted by using one data source alone. Spectral unmixing techniques in Google Earth Engine were used to map the intertidal zone into general sediment classes spanning the gradient (i.e., mud, sandy mud, muddy sand, and sand). Comparison of the mapped outputs with field reference data suggests that mapping of mud- vs. sand-dominated areas can be accomplished with reasonable accuracy (overall accuracy of 75%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14195016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"5016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing of Intertidal Flat Habitats for Migratory Shorebird Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Lathrop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing & Spatial Analysis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing & Spatial Analysis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Niles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Restoration Partnerships, Greenwich, NJ 08323, USA"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Paludo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Brasilia 70670-350, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos David","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany"},{"name":"NTPC, University of Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto, Correa 01, Guam\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carmen Espoz","family":"Larrain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago 8370003, Chile"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Feigin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Restoration Partnerships, Greenwich, NJ 08323, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Fish & Wildlife Service, Oceanville, NJ 08231, USA"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endangered & Nongame Species Program, NJ Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colwell, M.A. (2010). 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