{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:48:36Z","timestamp":1760147316783,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DSFTA-UNISI","award":["2018\/9150000123","CESAM (UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/9150000123","CESAM (UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["2018\/9150000123","CESAM (UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/9150000123","CESAM (UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the MINDED-FBA, a remote-sensing-based tool for the determination of both flooded and burned areas. The tool, freely distributed as a QGIS plugin, consists of an adaptation and development of the previously published Multi Index Image Differencing methods (MINDED and MINDED-BA). The MINDED-FBA allows the integration and combination of a wider diversity of satellite sensor datasets, now including the synthetic aperture radar (SAR), in addition to optical multispectral data. The performance of the tool is evaluated for six case studies located in Portugal, Australia, Pakistan, Italy, and the USA. The case studies were chosen for representing a wide range of conditions, such as type of hazardous event (i.e., flooding or fire), scale of application (i.e., local or regional), site specificities (e.g., climatic conditions, morphology), and available satellite data (optical multispectral and SAR). The results are compared in respect to reference delineation datasets (mostly from the Copernicus EMS). The application of the MINDED-FBA tool with SAR data is particularly effective to delineate flooding, while optical multispectral data resulted in the best performances for burned areas. Nonetheless, the combination of both types of remote sensing data (data fusion approach) also provides high correlations with the available reference datasets. The MINDED-FBA tool could represent a new near-real-time solution, capable of supporting emergency response measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T02:30:38Z","timestamp":1674786638000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MINDED-FBA: An Automatic Remote Sensing Tool for the Estimation of Flooded and Burned Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eduardo R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell\u2019Ambiente, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"COPING TEAM\u2014Coastal and Ocean Planning Governance, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Disperati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell\u2019Ambiente, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima L.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPING TEAM\u2014Coastal and Ocean Planning Governance, CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Hazards Assessment and Disaster Risk Management","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Schroder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Treatise on Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309339563","article-title":"A Review of the Status of Satellite Remote Sensing and Image Processing Techniques for Mapping Natural Hazards and Disasters","volume":"33","author":"Joyce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. 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