{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T10:01:09Z","timestamp":1766138469407,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ja\u00e9n (Spain)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bogot\u00e1, the largest urban center and capital city of Colombia, is located within the Bogot\u00e1 savanna, which originated as a lake in the central part of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Over time, the lake transformed into a gently undulating plain with horizontally deposited sediments that formed around five million years ago. Over the last few decades, the region has undergone significant population growth and rapid urban development, largely driven by migration from rural areas. This development has substantially impacted the subsidence observed in the city, primarily due to the extraction of groundwater. A previous study by the Servicio Geol\u00f3gico Colombiano (SGC) utilized data from GNSS stations and synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) with TerraSAR-X SAR between 2011 and 2017 to identify a subsidence pattern in the central region of Bogot\u00e1. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the risks and potential disasters associated with the subsidence phenomenon. Our study investigates both the subsidence in Bogot\u00e1, previously studied, as well as the rural savanna area, which is currently undergoing significant residential and industrial development. We utilized multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) techniques with Sentinel-1 SAR images from 2014 to 2021. The analysis results indicate that the outer regions of the city display the most significant subsidence, extending from the center to the north. The subsidence velocities in these areas reach approximately 5\u20136 cm\/year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1699234629000},"page":"5249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study of Recent Deformations in the Bogot\u00e1 Savanna and the City of Bogot\u00e1 (Colombia) Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Radar Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Tamayo Duque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetry Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Master Candidate, Geodetic Engineering and Applied Geophysics, Postgraduate Studies Centre, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Miguel","family":"Ruiz-Armenteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetry Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group RNM\u2013282 Microgeodesia Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Guillermo E.","family":"\u00c1vila \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Matiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetry Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Master Candidate, Geodetic Engineering and Applied Geophysics, Postgraduate Studies Centre, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science INESC\u2013TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"An Iterative PS-InSAR Method for the Analysis of Large Spatio-Temporal Baseline Data Stacks for Land Subsidence Estimation","volume":"74","author":"Foroughnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E. (1999). Land Subsidence in the United States, USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1182"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2002). Ingenier\u00eda Geol\u00f3gica, Pearson Educaci\u00f3n. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.09.023","article-title":"Land Subsidence by Groundwater Over-Exploitation from Aquifers in Tectonic Valleys of Central Mexico: A Review","volume":"246","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR028451","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028451","article-title":"Characterization of Groundwater Recharge and Flow in California\u2019s San Joaquin Valley From InSAR-Observed Surface Deformation","volume":"57","author":"Neely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.02.011","article-title":"Regional Land Subsidence Simulation in Su-Xi-Chang Area and Shanghai City, China","volume":"100","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X.C., Yang, T.L., Shen, S.L., Xu, Y.S., and Arulrajah, A. (2019). Land Subsidence Control Zone and Policy for the Environmental Protection of Shanghai. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152729"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"403","article-title":"Land Subsidence and Groundwater Management in Tokyo","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Environ. Strateg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.280","article-title":"SAR Interferometry Monitoring of Subsidence in a Detritic Basin Related to Water Depletion in the Underlying Confined Carbonate Aquifer (Torremolinos, Southern Spain)","volume":"636","author":"Lazecky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113218","article-title":"Analysis of Regional Large-Gradient Land Subsidence in the Alto Guadalent\u00edn Basin (Spain) Using Open-Access Aerial LiDAR Datasets","volume":"280","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.10.014","article-title":"Spatial Analysis of Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Withdrawal","volume":"167","author":"Modoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Poland, J.F. (1987). Guidebook to Studies of Land Subsidence Due to Ground-Water Withdrawal, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sosa Ruiz, D., L\u00f3pez-Caloca, A.A., and Couturier, S. (2018). An\u00e1lisis Geoespacial En Los Estud. Urbanos, National Autonomous University of Mexico."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2854371","article-title":"Integration of GNSS and Satellite InSAR Data: Derivation of Fine-Scale Vertical Surface Motion Maps of Po Plain, Northern Apennines, and Southern Alps, Italy","volume":"57","author":"Farolfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Velocity and Deformation Fields in the North Aegean Domain, Greece, and Implications for Fault Kinematics, Derived from GPS Data 1993\u20132009","volume":"597\u2013598","author":"Geiger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"413","article-title":"Tectonic Crustal Deformation of Corinth Gulf, Greece, Based on Primary Geodetic Data","volume":"17","author":"Lazos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Geodyn. Geomater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2007.12.006","article-title":"Crustal Motion and Deformation in Greece from a Decade of GPS Measurements, 1993\u20132003","volume":"449","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2014.01.002","article-title":"Active Faulting in the Frontal Rif Cordillera (Fes Region, Morocco): Constraints from GPS Data","volume":"77","author":"Chalouan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sanchez, L., Mart\u00ednez, W., Herrera, I., and T\u00e9llez, L. (2008). Estimaci\u00f3n de La Subsidencia En Bogot\u00e1 a Partir de Mediciones GNSS y Nivelaci\u00f3n Geom\u00e9trica, IGAC."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Blanco, P., Barreto, G., and Ortiz Abaunza, D. (2009). La Interferometr\u00eda Diferencial Dinsar\u2014Una T\u00e9cnica para el Monitoreo de la Subsidencia en Bogot\u00e1 d.C, Department of Prevention and Emergency of the District of Bogot\u00e1."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, G., and Castro Villamar\u00edn, N. (2011, January 6). Avances En El Estudio de Subsidencia En La Ciudad de Bogot\u00e1. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering, Colombo, Sri Lanka."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"515","article-title":"Mapping Land Subsidence in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, Using the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Technique with TerraSAR\u2013X Images","volume":"4","author":"Cardona","year":"2020","journal-title":"His Master\u2019s Voice"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermelin, M. (2016). Landscapes and Landforms of Colombia, Springer International Publishing. World Geomorphological Landscapes.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11800-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/02626668709491175","article-title":"Grounwater in Colombia","volume":"32","author":"Gilboa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Montoya Arenas, D.M., and Reyes Torres, G.A. (2005). Geolog\u00eda de La Sabana de Bogot\u00e1. Instituto Colombiano de Geolog\u00eda y Miner\u00eda (INGEOMINAS), Instituto Colombiano de Geolog\u00eda y Miner\u00eda (INGEOMINAS)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Lobo-Guerrero, A. (1992). Geolog\u00eda e Hidrogeolog\u00eda de Santaf\u00e9 de Bogot\u00e1 y Su Sabana, Columbian Society of Geothechnology."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lobo-Guerrero, A. (1995, January 8\u201310). Descenso de Niveles de Agua Subterr\u00e1nea En La Sabana de Bogot\u00e1. Proceedings of the VIII Jornadas Geot\u00e9cnicas de la Ingineria en Colombia-II Foro Sobre Geotecnica de la Sabana Bogot\u00e1, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sabana Centro C\u00f3mo Vamos (2023, October 01). An\u00e1lisis de la Situaci\u00f3n Poblacional Sabana Centro; Bogot\u00e1. Available online: https:\/\/sabanacentrocomovamos.org\/home\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Informe-An%C3%A1lisis-de-la-situaci%C3%B3n-poblacional-de-Sabana-Centro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba \u00c1lvarez, R.D. (2012). Una Aproximaci\u00f3n Estoc\u00e1stica Para Modelar y Caracterizar los Episodios Torrenciales en el Espacio y el Tiempo\u2014Caso de Estudio Sabana de Bogot\u00e1, Universidad de los Andes."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Corporaci\u00f3n Aut\u00f3noma Regional de Cundinamarca, C. (2019). Plan de Manejo Ambiental de Agua Subterr\u00e1nea En La Sabana de Bogot\u00e1 y Zona Critica, Imprenta Nacional de Colombia. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"295","article-title":"Subsidencia Del Terreno","volume":"17","author":"Tomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ense\u00f1anza Cienc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"103","article-title":"Landslides in Colombia and Their Impact on Towns and Cities","volume":"112","author":"Ojeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ingeominas, and Universidad de los Andes (2023, October 01). Microzonificacion Sismica de Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1.Convenio Interadministrativo 01-93.Pdf; Santa, Available online: https:\/\/www2.sgc.gov.co\/biblioteca\/Documents\/Biblioteca\/Microzonificacion%20sismica%20de%20santa%20fe%20de%20bogota.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lizarazo, P. (2011). La Integraci\u00f3n de La Regi\u00f3n Capital Hacia 2038, Subdirecci\u00f3n Imprenta Distrital DDD."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.10.035","article-title":"Urban Material Flow Analysis: An Approach for Bogot\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Hern\u00e1ndez, C.N., Jaramillo Garc\u00e9s, M.M., Avenda\u00f1o, A.J., P\u00e9rez Otavo, D., Romero, Y.E., and Gait\u00e1n Victoria, C.E. (2020). Indicadores de Consumo de Agua y Energia El\u00e9ctrica, Alcaldia Mayor de Bogot\u00e1, Secretaria de Planeaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, G. (2004). Estudio de La Retracci\u00f3n y El Agrietamiento de Arcillas. Aplicaci\u00f3n a La Arcilla de Bogot\u00e1, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e1rov\u00e1, K., Jel\u00e9nek, J., Kopa\u010dkov\u00e1-Strnadov\u00e1, V., and Kycl, P. (2019). Comparing DInSAR and PSI Techniques Employed to Sentinel_1 Data to Monitor Highway Stability_ A Case Study of a Massive Dobkovi\u010dky Landslide_Czech Republic.Pdf. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222670"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/19475681003700914","article-title":"Monitoring and Characterizing Natural Hazards with Satellite InSAR Imagery","volume":"16","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47037-5_8","article-title":"Interferometric SAR Multitemporal Processing: Techniques and Applications","volume":"20","author":"Perissin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Digit. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Mora, O., Lanari, R., Mallorqui, J.J., Berardino, P., and Sansosti, E. (2002, January 24\u201328). A New Algorithm for Monitoring Localized Deformation Phenomena Based on Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferograms. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654","article-title":"A Multi-Temporal InSAR Method Incorporating Both Persistent Scatterer and Small Baseline Approaches","volume":"35","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A Review","volume":"115","author":"Crosetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2011.10.013","article-title":"Recent Advances in SAR Interferometry Time Series Analysis for Measuring Crustal Deformation","volume":"514\u2013517","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beladam, O., Balz, T., Mohamadi, B., and Abdalhak, M. (2019). Using Ps-Insar with Sentinel-1 Images for Deformation Monitoring in Northeast Algeria. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9070315"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"IGAC (2023, October 01). Red MAGNA ECO, Available online: https:\/\/www.igac.gov.co\/es\/contenido\/areas-estrategicas\/red-magna-eco."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"IGAC (2023, October 01). MAGNA-SIRGAS, Available online: https:\/\/www.igac.gov.co\/es\/contenido\/areas-estrategicas\/magna-sirgas."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"SIRGAS (2023, October 01). SIRGAS: Sobre Nosotros. Available online: https:\/\/www.sirgas.org\/es\/sirgas-definition\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, L., Drewes, H., Brunini, C., Mackern, M.V., and Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz, W. (2015). SIRGAS Core Network Stability, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1345_2015_143"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2016.06.005","article-title":"Crustal Deformation and Surface Kinematics after the 2010 Earthquakes in Latin America","volume":"102","author":"Drewes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, L., and Drewes, H. (2020). Beyond 100: The Next Century in Geodesy, Proceedings of the IAG General Assembly, Montreal, QC, Canada, 8\u201318 July 2019, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Escobar Castro, G., Marantes Gonz\u00e1lez, L.E., Lindon Losada, G.P., and D\u00edaz Parra, F.J. (2023, October 01). Zonificaci\u00f3n de la Respuesta S\u00edsmica de Bogot\u00e1 para el Dise\u00f1o Sismo Resistente de Edificaciones; Bogot\u00e1. D.C, Available online: https:\/\/www.idiger.gov.co\/documents\/20182\/112614\/Zonificacion_Respuesta_Sismica-FOPAE-2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drewes, H., Dodson, A.H., Fortes, L.P.S., S\u00e1nchez, L., and Sandoval, P. (2002). Vertical Reference Systems. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 124., Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04683-8"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5194\/se-4-23-2013","article-title":"Reprocessed Height Time Series for GPS Stations","volume":"4","author":"Rudenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"479","article-title":"Contributions of Space Geodesy for Geodynamic Studies in Colombia: 1988 to 2017","volume":"Volume 100","year":"2019","journal-title":"LR Lloyd\u2019s Register"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"193","article-title":"Effects of Aquifer Overexploitation on the Surface Infrastructure in the Bogot\u00e1 Sabana (Colombia)","volume":"50","year":"2003","journal-title":"RMZ-Mater. Geoenviron."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5249\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:17:56Z","timestamp":1760131076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/21\/5249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15215249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15215249","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]]}}}