{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:02:16Z","timestamp":1775559736997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ocean3R","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"]}]},{"name":"Ocean3R","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"Ocean3R","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ocean3R","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ATLANTIDA","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"]}]},{"name":"ATLANTIDA","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"ATLANTIDA","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ATLANTIDA","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assesses the applicability of different-resolution multispectral remote sensing images for mapping and estimating the aboveground biomass (AGB) of Carpobrotus edulis, a prominent invasive species in European coastal areas. This study was carried out on the C\u00e1vado estuary sand spit (Portugal). The performance of three sets of multispectral images with different Ground Sample Distances (GSDs) were compared: 2.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm. The images were classified using the supervised classification algorithm random forest and later improved by applying a sieve filter. Samples of C. edulis were also collected, dried, and weighed to estimate the AGB using the relationship between the dry weight (DW) and vegetation indices (VIs). The resulting regression models were evaluated based on their coefficient of determination (R2), Normalised Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), p-value, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The results show that the three tested image resolutions allow for constructing reliable coverage maps of C. edulis, with overall accuracy values of 89%, 85%, and 88% for the classification of the 2.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm GSD images, respectively. The best-performing VI-DW regression models achieved R2 = 0.87 and NRMSE = 0.09 for the 2.5 cm resolution; R2 = 0.77 and NRMSE = 0.12 for the 5 cm resolution; and R2 = 0.64 and NRMSE = 0.15 for the 10 cm resolution. The C. edulis area and total AGB were 3441.10 m2 and 28,327.1 kg (with an AGB relative error (RE) = 0.08) for the 2.5 cm resolution; 3070.04 m2 and 29,170.8 kg (AGB RE = 0.08) for the 5 cm resolution; and 2305.06 m2 and 22,135.7 kg (AGB RE = 0.11) for the 10 cm resolution. Spatial and model differences were analysed in detail to determine their causes. Final analyses suggest that multispectral imagery of up to 5 cm GSD is adequate for estimating C. edulis distribution and biomass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1707469441000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Using Remote Sensing Multispectral Imagery for Invasive Species Quantification: The Effect of Image Resolution on Area and Biomass Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Manuel de Figueiredo","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Ferreira","family":"Bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.2965247","article-title":"Scale Effect on Fusing Remote Sensing and Human Sensing to Portray Urban Functions","volume":"18","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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