{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T15:38:33Z","timestamp":1769269113414,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-117825GB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117825GB-C21"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-117825GB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117825GB-C22"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["P20_00016 C-EXP-366-UGR23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20_00016 C-EXP-366-UGR23"]}]},{"name":"Government of Andalusia and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cost Action PROBE (CA18235)","award":["PID2020-117825GB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117825GB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Government of Andalusia and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cost Action PROBE (CA18235)","award":["PID2020-117825GB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117825GB-C22"]}]},{"name":"Government of Andalusia and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cost Action PROBE (CA18235)","award":["P20_00016 C-EXP-366-UGR23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20_00016 C-EXP-366-UGR23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aimed to study the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) from COSMIC-2 refractivity data, endeavoring to refine existing ABLH detection algorithms and scrutinize the resulting spatial and seasonal distributions. Through validation analyses involving different ground-based methodologies (involving data from lidar, ceilometer, microwave radiometers, and radiosondes), the optimal ABLH determination relied on identifying the lowest refractivity gradient negative peak with a magnitude at least \u03c4% times the minimum refractivity gradient magnitude, where \u03c4 is a fitting parameter representing the minimum peak strength relative to the absolute minimum refractivity gradient. Different \u03c4 values were derived accounting for the moment of the day (daytime, nighttime, or sunrise\/sunset) and the underlying surface (land or sea). Results show discernible relations between ABLH and various features, notably, the land cover and latitude. On average, ABLH is higher over oceans (\u22481.5 km), but extreme values (maximums &gt; 2.5 km, and minimums &lt; 1 km) are reached over intertropical lands. Variability is generally subtle over oceans, whereas seasonality and daily evolution are pronounced over continents, with higher ABLHs during daytime and local wintertime (summertime) in intertropical (middle) latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T05:52:02Z","timestamp":1714715522000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Four Years of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Retrievals Using COSMIC-2 Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gin\u00e9s","family":"Garn\u00e9s-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Regional Atmospheric Modeling Lab (G-MAR), Department of Physics, Regional Campus of International Excellent \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019 (CEIR), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) and Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2236-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Bravo-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Granados-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanda","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) and Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Abril-Gago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sol","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carvelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana","family":"And\u00fajar-Maqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Foyo-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Navas-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Alados-Arboledas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Bortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) and Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-2304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Guerrero-Rascado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Seibert, P., Beyrich, F., Gryning, S., Joffre, S., Rasmussen, A., and 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