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Moreover, Sb is emerging as a potential alternative for anodes used in lithium-ion batteries, a key element in the energy transition. This study explored the feasibility of identifying and quantifying Sb mineralisations through the spectral signature of soils using laboratory reflectance spectroscopy, a non-invasive remote sensing technique, and by employing convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Standard signal pre-processing techniques were applied to the spectral data, and the soils were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Despite achieving high R-squared (0.7) values and an RMSE of 173 ppm for Sb, the study faces a significant challenge of generalisation of the model to new data. Despite the limitations, this study provides valuable insights into potential strategies for future research in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T06:08:14Z","timestamp":1717049294000},"page":"1964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Convolutional Neural Networks Applied to Antimony Quantification via Soil Laboratory Reflectance Spectroscopy in Northern Portugal: Opportunities and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Morgana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences), Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Cardoso-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences), Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences), Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences), Porto Pole (Portugal), Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Li, T., Archer, G.F., and Carapella, S.C. 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