{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:27:16Z","timestamp":1778560036019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["1719\/2020\u2014CIR01_00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1719\/2020\u2014CIR01_00015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Between 14 March and 21 April 2022, an extensive investigation of an extraordinary Saharan dust intrusion over Europe was performed based on lidar measurements obtained by the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). The dust episode was divided into two distinct periods, one in March and one in April, characterized by different dust transport paths. The dust aerosol layers were studied over 18 EARLINET stations, examining aerosol characteristics during March and April in four different regions (M-I, M-II, M-III, and M-IV and A-I, A-II, A-III, and A-IV, respectively), focusing on parameters such as aerosol layer thickness, center of mass (CoM), lidar ratio (LR), particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR), and \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m exponents (\u00c5E). In March, regions exhibited varying dust geometrical and optical properties, with mean CoM values ranging from approximately 3.5 to 4.8 km, and mean LR values typically between 36 and 54 sr. PLDR values indicated the presence of both pure and mixed dust aerosols, with values ranging from 0.20 to 0.32 at 355 nm and 0.24 to 0.31 at 532 nm. \u00c5E values suggested a range of particle sizes, with some regions showing a predominance of coarse particles. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) simulations from the NAAPS model indicated significant dust activity across Europe, with AOD values reaching up to 1.60. In April, dust aerosol layers were observed between 3.2 to 5.2 km. Mean LR values typically ranged from 35 to 51 sr at both 355 nm and 532 nm, while PLDR values confirmed the presence of dust aerosols, with mean values between 0.22 and 0.31 at 355 nm and 0.25 to 0.31 at 532 nm. The \u00c5E values suggested a mixture of particle sizes. The AOD values in April were generally lower, not exceeding 0.8, indicating a less intense dust presence compared to March. The findings highlight spatial and temporal variations in aerosol characteristics across the regions, during the distinctive periods. From 15 to 16 March 2022, Saharan dust significantly reduced UV-B radiation by approximately 14% over the ATZ station (Athens, GR). Backward air mass trajectories showed that the dust originated from the Western and Central Sahara when, during this specific case, the air mass trajectories passed over GRA (Granada, ES) and PAY (Payerne, CH) before reaching ATZ, maintaining high relative humidity and almost stable aerosol properties throughout its transport. Lidar data revealed elevated aerosol backscatter (baer) and PLDR values, combined with low LR and \u00c5E values, indicative of pure dust aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16173350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T11:31:59Z","timestamp":1725881519000},"page":"3350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Large-Scale Network-Based Observations of a Saharan Dust Event across the European Continent in Spring 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5159-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina-Anna","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l\u2019Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C. da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"},{"name":"Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Papayannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impact, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8431-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Gidarakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"given":"Sabur F.","family":"Abdullaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2042-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolae","family":"Ajtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Baars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1161-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Balis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Bortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Bravo-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, 18003 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Collaud-Coen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, 1530 Payerne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Benedetto","family":"de Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l\u2019Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C. da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Dionisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), 30122 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kostas","family":"Eleftheratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Athena A.","family":"Floutsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Abril-Gago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, 18003 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Goloub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique\u2013LOA, University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, 59000 Lille, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5627-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), 30122 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7758-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Gum\u00e0-Claramunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l\u2019Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C. da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaoyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique\u2013LOA, University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, 59000 Lille, France"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Kuopio, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Marinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6311-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, 1530 Payerne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0183-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Mattis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorological Observatory Hohenpei\u00dfenberg, 82383 Hohenpei\u00dfenberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6543-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantino","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Porcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Mylonaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Mytilinaios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l\u2019Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C. da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Nicolae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, INOE 2000, 077125 M\u0103gurele, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9209-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanda","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Kuopio, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona S.","family":"Stachlewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw (UW), 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hora\u021biu Ioan","family":"\u0218tef\u0103nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika M.","family":"Szczepanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw (UW), 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Trickl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruher Institut f\u00fcr Technologie, Institut f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-IFU), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Vogelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruher Institut f\u00fcr Technologie, Institut f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-IFU), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi Artemis","family":"Voudouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8169","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-8169-2021","article-title":"Contribution of the World\u2019s Main Dust Source Regions to the Global Cycle of Desert Dust","volume":"21","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Core Writing Team, Lee, H., and Romero, J. (2023). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001","article-title":"Aerosol\u2013cloud\u2013precipitation Interactions. Part 1. The Nature and Sources of Cloud-Active Aerosols","volume":"89","author":"Andreae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4467-2013","article-title":"Mineral Dust Indirect Effects and Cloud Radiative Feedbacks of a Simulated Idealized Nocturnal Squall Line","volume":"13","author":"Seigel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1793","article-title":"Suppression of Rain and Snow by Urban and Industrial Air Pollution","volume":"287","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-957-2014","article-title":"Modeled Global Effects of Airborne Desert Dust on Air Quality and Premature Mortality","volume":"14","author":"Giannadaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169683","article-title":"Wildfire and African Dust Aerosol Oxidative Potential, Exposure and Dose in the Human Respiratory Tract","volume":"913","author":"Mylonaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.10.011","article-title":"Desert Dust and Human Health Disorders","volume":"63","author":"Goudie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhao, L., Tong, D.Q., Wu, G., Dan, M., and Teng, B. (2016). A Systematic Review of Global Desert Dust and Associated Human Health Effects. Atmosphere, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos7120158"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines. Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356265","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/356265","article-title":"Lidar Measurements for Desert Dust Characterization: An Overview","volume":"2012","author":"Mona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-569-2010","article-title":"Optical Properties of Different Aerosol Types: Seven Years of Combined Raman-Elastic Backscatter Lidar Measurements in Thessaloniki, Greece","volume":"3","author":"Giannakaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.06.007","article-title":"Extreme, Wintertime Saharan Dust Intrusion in the Iberian Peninsula: Lidar Monitoring and Evaluation of Dust Forecast Models during the February 2017 Event","volume":"228","author":"Sicard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8781","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-8781-2014","article-title":"EARLINET Dust Observations vs. BSC-DREAM8b Modeled Profiles: 12-Year-Long Systematic Comparison at Potenza, Italy","volume":"14","author":"Mona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11861","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-11861-2017","article-title":"Near-Real-Time Processing of a Ceilometer Network Assisted with Sun-Photometer Data: Monitoring a Dust Outbreak over the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"17","author":"Cazorla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13711","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13711-2016","article-title":"Extreme Dust Storm over the Eastern Mediterranean in September 2015: Satellite, Lidar, and Surface Observations in the Cyprus Region","volume":"16","author":"Mamouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12155","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-12155-2014","article-title":"Injection of Mineral Dust into the Free Troposphere during Fire Events Observed with Polarization Lidar at Limassol, Cyprus","volume":"14","author":"Nisantzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8453","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-8453-2009","article-title":"Extreme Saharan Dust Event over the Southern Iberian Peninsula in September 2007: Active and Passive Remote Sensing from Surface and Satellite","volume":"9","author":"Olmo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15147","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-15147-2020","article-title":"EARLINET Observations of Saharan Dust Intrusions over the Northern Mediterranean Region (2014\u20132017): Properties and Impact on Radiative Forcing","volume":"20","author":"Soupiona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118184","article-title":"Tropospheric Vertical Profiling of the Aerosol Backscatter Coefficient and the Particle Linear Depolarization Ratio for Different Aerosol Mixtures during the PANACEA Campaign in July 2019 at Volos, Greece","volume":"247","author":"Mylonaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-2211-2021","article-title":"Aerosol Type Classification Analysis Using EARLINET Multiwavelength and Depolarization Lidar Observations","volume":"21","author":"Mylonaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009028","article-title":"Systematic Lidar Observations of Saharan Dust over Europe in the Frame of EARLINET (2000\u20132002)","volume":"113","author":"Papayannis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116824","article-title":"Retrieval of Optical and Microphysical Properties of Transported Saharan Dust over Athens and Granada Based on Multi-Wavelength Raman Lidar Measurements: Study of the Mixing Processes","volume":"214","author":"Soupiona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.011","article-title":"Long-Term Systematic Profiling of Dust Aerosol Optical Properties Using the EOLE NTUA Lidar System over Athens, Greece (2000\u20132016)","volume":"183","author":"Soupiona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokkalis, P., Soupiona, O., Papanikolaou, C.A., Foskinis, R., Mylonaki, M., Solomos, S., Vratolis, S., Vasilatou, V., Kralli, E., and Anagnou, D. (2021). Radiative Effect and Mixing Processes of a Long-Lasting Dust Event over Athens, Greece, during the COVID-19 Period. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12030318"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA001816","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA001816","article-title":"Properties of Saharan Dust Versus Local Urban Dust\u2014A Case Study","volume":"8","author":"Szczepanik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-143-2023","article-title":"Vertical Characterization of Fine and Coarse Dust Particles during an Intense Saharan Dust Outbreak over the Iberian Peninsula in Springtime 2021","volume":"23","author":"Sicard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00400.x","article-title":"EARLINET Observations of the 14-22-May Long-Range Dust Transport Event during SAMUM 2006: Validation of Results from Dust Transport Modelling","volume":"61","author":"Heinold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-14559-2017","article-title":"Long-Term Profiling of Mineral Dust and Pollution Aerosol with Multiwavelength Polarization Raman Lidar at the Central Asian Site of Dushanbe, Tajikistan: Case Studies","volume":"17","author":"Hofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz9507","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz9507","article-title":"Climate Models Miss Most of the Coarse Dust in the Atmosphere","volume":"6","author":"Adebiyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-4083-2024","article-title":"Sharp Increase in Saharan Dust Intrusions over the Western Euro-Mediterranean in February\u2013March 2020\u20132022 and Associated Atmospheric Circulation","volume":"24","author":"Barriopedro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-2389-2014","article-title":"EARLINET: Towards an Advanced Sustainable European Aerosol Lidar Network","volume":"7","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-3345-2013","article-title":"The Global 3-D Distribution of Tropospheric Aerosols as Characterized by CALIOP","volume":"13","author":"Winker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6107-2018","article-title":"The CALIPSO Version 4 Automated Aerosol Classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1231.1","article-title":"The CALIPSO Automated Aerosol Classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Omar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-16-745-2023","article-title":"The CALIPSO Version 4.5 Stratospheric Aerosol Subtyping Algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Tackett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00110.1","article-title":"NOAA\u2019s Hysplit Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System","volume":"96","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.06.025","article-title":"Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display SYstem: READY","volume":"95","author":"Rolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Draxler, R.R. (2009). 1999: HYSPLIT4 User\u2019s Guide, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-230."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"295","article-title":"An Overview of the HYSPLIT_4 Modelling System for Trajectories, Dispersion and Deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.037","article-title":"Optical Properties and Vertical Extension of Aged Ash Layers over the Eastern Mediterranean as Observed by Raman Lidars during the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull Eruption in May 2010","volume":"48","author":"Papayannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1489-2016","article-title":"An 11-Year Global Gridded Aerosol Optical Thickness Reanalysis (v1.0) for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","volume":"9","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-1997-2024","article-title":"Measurement Report: Violent Biomass Burning and Volcanic Eruptions\u2014A New Period of Elevated Stratospheric Aerosol over Central Europe (2017 to 2023) in a Long Series of Observations","volume":"24","author":"Trickl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5701-2018","article-title":"Extinction and Optical Depth Retrievals for CALIPSO\u2019s Version 4 Data Release","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4891-2015","article-title":"EARLINET Single Calculus Chain\u2013Overview on Methodology and Strategy","volume":"8","author":"Amodeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-3009-2016","article-title":"EARLINET Single Calculus Chain-Technical\u2014Part 2: Calculation of Optical Products","volume":"9","author":"Mattis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-491-2016","article-title":"EARLINET Single Calculus Chain-Technical Andndash; Part 1: Pre-Processing of Raw Lidar Data","volume":"9","author":"Amodeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50898","article-title":"Low Arabian Dust Extinction-to-Backscatter Ratio","volume":"40","author":"Mamouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7071","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7071-2015","article-title":"Middle East versus Saharan Dust Extinction-to-Backscatter Ratios","volume":"15","author":"Nisantzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166173","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Long-Range Transported Mineral Desert Dust Properties over Rural and Urban Sites in Central Europe","volume":"903","author":"Szczepanik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-705-2015","article-title":"Hygroscopic Growth of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Based on Active Remote Sensing and Radiosounding Measurements: Selected Cases in Southeastern Spain","volume":"8","author":"Lyamani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2011.031","article-title":"Monitoring the Transport of Biomass Burning Emission in South America","volume":"2","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.09.022","article-title":"Temporal Variations in Optical and Microphysical Properties of Mineral Dust and Biomass Burning Aerosol Derived from Daytime Raman Lidar Observations over Warsaw, Poland","volume":"169","author":"Janicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1222102","article-title":"Contribution of EARLINET\/ACTRIS to the Summer 2013 Special Observing Period of the ChArMEx Project: Monitoring of a Saharan Dust Event over the Western and Central Mediterranean","volume":"37","author":"Sicard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-1113-2016","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Aerosol Microphysical Properties Retrieved from Ground-Based Remote Sensing and Aircraft in Situ Measurements during a Saharan Dust Event","volume":"9","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-7013-2016","article-title":"Retrieval of Optical and Physical Properties of African Dust from Multiwavelength Raman Lidar Measurements during the SHADOW Campaign in Senegal","volume":"16","author":"Veselovskii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-6563-2020","article-title":"Variability in Lidar-Derived Particle Properties over West Africa Due to Changes in Absorption: Towards an Understanding","volume":"20","author":"Veselovskii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011862","article-title":"Vertically Resolved Separation of Dust and Smoke over Cape Verde Using Multiwavelength Raman and Polarization Lidars during Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2008","volume":"114","author":"Tesche","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00396.x","article-title":"Depolarization Ratio Profiling at Several Wavelengths in Pure Saharan Dust during SAMUM 2006","volume":"61","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11535","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-11535-2016","article-title":"Saharan Dust Contribution to the Caribbean Summertime Boundary Layer\u2014A Lidar Study during SALTRACE","volume":"16","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/oxygen1010005","article-title":"Sixteen Years of Measurements of Ozone over Athens, Greece with a Brewer Spectrophotometer","volume":"1","author":"Eleftheratos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxygen"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00567.x","article-title":"Airborne Spectral Radiation Measurements to Derive Solar Radiative Forcing of Saharan Dust Mixed with Biomass Burning Smoke Particles","volume":"63","author":"Bauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8479","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-8479-2015","article-title":"Advances in Understanding Mineral Dust and Boundary Layer Processes over the Sahara from Fennec Aircraft Observations","volume":"15","author":"Ryder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8592","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002536","article-title":"Mineral Dust Aerosol Size Distribution Change during Atmospheric Transport","volume":"108","author":"Maring","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knippertz, P., and Todd, M.C. (2012). Mineral Dust Aerosols over the Sahara: Meteorological Controls on Emission and Transport and Implications for Modeling. Rev. Geophys., 50.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000362"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-355-2022","article-title":"First Triple-Wavelength Lidar Observations of Depolarization and Extinction-to-Backscatter Ratios of Saharan Dust","volume":"22","author":"Haarig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Mirzabaev, A., Wu, J., Evans, J., Garc\u00eda-Oliva, F., Hussein, I.A.G., Iqbal, M.M., Kimutai, J., Knowles, T., Meza, F., and Nedjraoui, D. (2022). Desertification, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trickl, T., and Jaeger, H. (2023). NDACC stratospheric aerosol LIDAR data from the station Garmisch-Partenkirchen. ESA Atmos. Valid. Data Cent.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37818-8_113"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Vogelmann, H., Trickl, T., and Speidel, J. (2023). NDACC stratospheric aerosol LIDAR data from the station Schneefernerhaus on Mt. Zugspitze. ESA Atmos. Valid. Data Cent."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:52:25Z","timestamp":1760111545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/17\/3350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16173350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16173350","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]}}}