{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:47:09Z","timestamp":1777405629521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["MED UIDB\/05183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED UIDB\/05183"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["CHANGE LA\/P\/0121\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHANGE LA\/P\/0121\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["MED UIDB\/05183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED UIDB\/05183"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CHANGE LA\/P\/0121\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHANGE LA\/P\/0121\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u03c2\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0139_FIREPOCTEP_MAS_6_E"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u03c2\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["MED UIDB\/05183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED UIDB\/05183"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u03c2\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["CHANGE LA\/P\/0121\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHANGE LA\/P\/0121\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u03c2\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the application of remote sensing-based land cover change detection techniques to identify and map areas affected by three distinct wildfire events that occurred in Mediterranean islands between 2019 and 2022, namely Sardinia (2019, Italy), Thassos (2022, Greece), and Pantelleria (2022, Italy). Applying Rao\u2019s Q Index-based change detection approach to Sentinel-2 spectral data and derived indices, we evaluate their effectiveness and accuracy in identifying and mapping burned areas affected by wildfires. Our methodological approach implies the processing and analysis of pre- and post-fire Sentinel-2 imagery to extract relevant indices such as the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), Mid-infrared Burn Index (MIRBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Burned area Index for Sentinel-2 (BAIS2) and then use (the classic approach) or combine them (multidimensional approach) to detect and map burned areas by using a Rao\u2019s Q Index-based change detection technique. The Copernicus Emergency Management System (CEMS) data were used to assess and validate all the results. The lowest overall accuracy (OA) in the classical mode was 52%, using the BAIS2 index, while in the multidimensional mode, it was 73%, combining NBR and NDVI. The highest result in the classical mode reached 72% with the MIRBI index, and in the multidimensional mode, 96%, combining MIRBI and NBR. The MIRBI and NBR combination consistently achieved the highest accuracy across all study areas, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving classification accuracy regardless of area characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17050830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T08:05:54Z","timestamp":1740729954000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Burned Areas Mapping Using Sentinel-2 Data and a Rao\u2019s Q Index-Based Change Detection Approach: A Case Study in Three Mediterranean Islands\u2019 Wildfires (2019\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Tiengo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda y Gesti\u00f3n Forestal y Ambiental, ETSIMFMN\u2014Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4764-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Merino-De-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda y Gesti\u00f3n Forestal y Ambiental, ETSIMFMN\u2014Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Uch\u00f4a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Guiomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability, University of \u00c9vora-PM, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"EaRSLab\u2014Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora-CLV, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"IIFA\u2014Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora-PV, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR\u2014Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163886","article-title":"Fire in the Earth System","volume":"324","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13403","article-title":"Fire as a Fundamental Ecological Process: Research Advances and Frontiers","volume":"108","author":"McLauchlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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