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Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) acts on these two topics, as C is a core element of soil organic matter, an essential driver of soil fertility, and becomes problematic when disposed of in the atmosphere in its gaseous form. Laboratory methods to measure SOC are expensive and time-consuming. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aims to identify techniques and alternative ways to estimate SOC using Remote-Sensing (RS) spectral data and computer tools to process this database. This SLR was conducted using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology, highlighting the use of Deep Learning (DL), traditional neural networks, and other machine-learning models, and the input data were used to estimate SOC. The SLR concludes that Sentinel satellites, particularly Sentinel-2, were frequently used. Despite limited datasets, DL models demonstrated robust performance as assessed by R2 and RMSE. Key input data, such as vegetation indices (e.g., NDVI, SAVI, EVI) and digital elevation models, were consistently correlated with SOC predictions. These findings underscore the potential of combining RS and advanced artificial-intelligence techniques for efficient and scalable SOC monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17050882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:41:51Z","timestamp":1741066911000},"page":"882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Soil Organic Carbon Assessment Using Remote-Sensing Data and Machine Learning: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur A. J.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"CeDRI, SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda (CICA), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3354-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio Castro","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeDRI, SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Pedro","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeDRI, SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Vidal-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Qu\u00edmica e Biolox\u00eda (CICA), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulimar","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Copernicus-UAM Remote Sensing Laboratory, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). 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