{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:28:06Z","timestamp":1777400886347,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["GA No. 1921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA No. 1921"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean semi-arid regions is increasingly constrained by aquifer depletion and climate change. Enhancing water use efficiency in the irrigation of perennial crops is essential for long-term agricultural sustainability. This study introduces a Spatial Irrigation Adequacy Index (SIAI), a normalized index expressing the deviation between actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and Crop Water Requirements (CWR). The framework was applied to assess irrigation performance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), apple orchards (Malus domestica) and citrus tress (Citrus sinensis) across three groundwater-dependent systems: Requena-Utiel (Spain), Ain Timguenai (Morocco), and Campina de Faro (Portugal). ETa was estimated using Landsat 8 and 9 imageries processed with the SSEBop model, while crop water demand was calculated with the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method incorporating site-specific agroclimatic data. Results revealed distinct crop-specific irrigation patterns: grapevines achieved near-optimal water use, apple orchards were generally over-irrigated, and citrus groves experienced persistent deficits. The framework enables scalable, transferable assessments of irrigation performance, supporting sustainable water management and adaptive irrigation under climate variability, with potential applications in digital farm management systems, water authority decision-making, and corporate ESG reporting frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17244019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1765553240000},"page":"4019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Spatial Framework for Assessing Irrigation Water Use in Overexploited Mediterranean Aquifers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2047-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Manzano-Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Centre of Irrigation Studies (CVER), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Garc\u00eda-Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Sanchis-Ibor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencian Centre of Irrigation Studies (CVER), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0453-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Rubio-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3156-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Zahrae","family":"Boubekri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroParisTech, Paris, 22 Place de l\u2019Agronomique, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Abdellah","family":"Kajji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Agricultural Research Center, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6480-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Tufoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Univeridade do Algarve, CERIS, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5606-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Univeridade do Algarve, CERIS, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Pulido-Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.03.014","article-title":"Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe","volume":"155","author":"Iglesias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. 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