{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:55:52Z","timestamp":1777362952412,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vine&Wine Portugal Project","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]},{"name":"STrengthS4WineChaiN Project","award":["NORTE2030-FEDER-01786100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2030-FEDER-01786100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation volume is a useful indicator for assessing canopy structure and supporting vineyard management tasks such as foliar applications and canopy management. The photogrammetric processing of imagery acquired using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enables the generation of dense point clouds suitable for estimating canopy volume, although point cloud quality depends on spatial resolution, which is influenced by flight height. This study evaluates the effect of three flight heights (30 m, 60 m, and 100 m) on grapevine canopy volume estimation using convex hull, alpha shape, and voxel-based models. UAV-based RGB imagery and field measurements were collected during three periods at different phenological stages in an experimental vineyard. The strongest agreement with field-measured volume occurred at 30 m, where point density was highest. Envelope-based methods showed reduced performance at higher flight heights, while voxel-based grids remained more stable when voxel size was adapted to point density. Estimator behavior also varied with canopy architecture and development. The results indicate appropriate parameter choices for different flight heights and confirm that UAV-based RGB imagery can provide reliable grapevine canopy volume estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs18030409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Grapevine Canopy Volume Estimation from UAV Photogrammetric Point Clouds at Different Flight Heights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leilson","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim J.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Robotics in Industry and Intelligent Systems (CRIIS), Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, September 28). 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