{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T12:29:50Z","timestamp":1771504190511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project APOGEO MAC-Agricultura de precis\u00e3o para o melhoramento da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de vinho na Macaron\u00e9sia","award":["MAC\/1.1.b\/226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC\/1.1.b\/226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water scarcity increasingly threatens viticulture in the Macaronesian region due to climatic variability and recurrent droughts. This study evaluated the physiological and productive responses of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) to foliar applications of two amino acid-based biostimulants, pyroglutamic acid and pipecolic acid, under contrasting water availability conditions on Madeira Island, Portugal. Three non-irrigated treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design: T1 (no irrigation and no amino acids), T2 (pyroglutamic acid, without irrigation), and T3 (pipecolic acid, without irrigation), while conventional irrigation (T4) was included as a non-randomized reference. Agronomic parameters and UAV-derived multispectral and thermal data were analyzed during the 2023 (moderate drought) and 2024 (severe drought) growing seasons. Vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE, NGRDI, and GLI) and the Simplified Crop Water Stress Index (CWSIsi) were used to assess canopy vigor and plant water status. In 2023, T4 showed significantly higher bunch number and total yield, whereas differences among non-irrigated treatments were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, T2 showed consistent numerical trends toward higher yield components and a comparatively more stable canopy thermal response than the untreated control. In 2024, severe drought reduced productivity across all treatments, with no significant difference detected. Yield components were generally strongly correlated, while CWSIsi was negatively associated with vegetation indices, particularly under moderate drought. The NGRDI demonstrated potential as a low-cost RGB-based indicator but requires cautious interpretation. Overall, pyroglutamic acid may represent a complementary strategy to irrigation and UAV-based precision monitoring in drought-prone viticulture, although confirmation through longer-term and higher-powered field studies is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs18040641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T11:44:27Z","timestamp":1771501467000},"page":"641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Application of Amino Acids as a Sustainable Strategy for Managing Water Stress in Vineyards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Lopes","family":"Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Ragonezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Filipe Teixeira","family":"Ganan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G. R.","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4398-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s A.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Tierra, Grupo de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda, 38206 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal en Zonas Tropicales y Subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, Finca \u201cIsamar\u201d, Ctra. de El Boquer\u00f3n s\/n, Valle Guerra, 38270 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Agroqu\u00edmica, ICIA, Unit Associated with CSIC by IPNA and EEZ, Ctra. de El Boquer\u00f3n s\/n, Valle Guerra, 38270 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A. A.","family":"Pinheiro de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) (2024). 2023 Statistical Report on World Viticulture, Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.10.023","article-title":"Viticultural Irrigation Demands under Climate Change Scenarios in Portugal","volume":"196","author":"Fraga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. 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