{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:35:49Z","timestamp":1761489349305,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrocarbon seeps cause chemical and mineralogical changes at the surface, which can be detected by remote sensing. This paper aims at the detection of mineral alteration induced by gas seeps in a marly limestone formation, SW Iran. For this purpose, the multispectral Advance Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the high spatial resolution WorldView-2 (WV-2) data were utilized for mapping surficial rock alteration. In addition, the potential of Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) bands of the WV-2 and its high spatial resolution for mapping alterations was determined. Band ratioing, principal component analysis (PCA), data fusion and the boosted regression trees (BRT) were applied to enhance and classify the altered and unaltered marly limestone formation. The alteration zones were identified and mapped by remote sensing analyses. Integrating the WV-2 into the ASTER data improved the spatial accuracy of the BRT classifications. The results showed that the BRT classification of the multiple band imagery (created from ASTER and WV-2) using regions of interest (ROIs) around field data provides the best discrimination between altered and unaltered areas. It is suggested that the WV-2 dataset can provide a potential tool along higher spectral resolution data for mapping alteration minerals related to hydrocarbon seeps in arid and semi-arid areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T11:41:08Z","timestamp":1397130068000},"page":"3188-3209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Detection of Alteration Induced by Onshore Gas Seeps from ASTER and WorldView-2 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Salati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-information science and earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, Enschede 7500 AA, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Van Ruitenbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-information science and earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, Enschede 7500 AA, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Freek","family":"Van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-information science and earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, Enschede 7500 AA, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Naimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Bukhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks,  UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Model for hydrocarbon microseepage and related near-surface alterations","volume":"83","author":"Saunders","year":"1999","journal-title":"AAPG Bull"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2008.03.008","article-title":"Remote detection and geochemical studies for finding hydrocarbon-induced alterations in Lisbon Valley, Utah","volume":"25","author":"Petrovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(2008)120[96:RSAGFD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Remote sensing and geochemistry for detecting hydrocarbon microseepages","volume":"120","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2011.10.019","article-title":"Multispectral remote sensing mapping for hydrocarbon seepage-induced lithologic anomalies in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, South Tian Shan","volume":"46","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2004.08.003","article-title":"Significance of hydrocarbon seepage relative to petroleum generation and entrapment","volume":"22","author":"Abrams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3121.2002.00390.x","article-title":"Remote sensing and petroleum seepage: A review and case study","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2012.01.004","article-title":"Integrated hyperspectral remote sensing, geochemical and isotopic studies for understanding hydrocarbon-induced rock alterations","volume":"35","author":"Petrovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacher, D., and Abrams, M.A. (1996). Hydrocarbon Migration and Near Surface Expression: AAPG Memoir 66, AAPG.","DOI":"10.1306\/M66606"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.01.002","article-title":"Microseepage in drylands: Flux and implications in the global atmospheric source\/sink budget of methane","volume":"72","author":"Etiope","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00127-X","article-title":"Lithologic mapping in the mountain pass, California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data","volume":"84","author":"Rowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.021","article-title":"Lithologic mapping of the Mordor, NT, Australia ultramafic complex by using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)","volume":"99","author":"Rowan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.008","article-title":"Spectral assessment of new ASTER SWIR surface reflectance data products for spectroscopic mapping of rocks and minerals","volume":"114","author":"Mars","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.04.004","article-title":"The application of remote sensing techniques to the study of ophiolites","volume":"89","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.812906","article-title":"Comparative alteration mineral mapping using visible to shortwave infrared (0.4\u20132.4 \u03bcm) Hyperion, ALI, and ASTER imagery","volume":"41","author":"Hubbard","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.025","article-title":"Seamless geological map generation using ASTER in the Broken Hill-Curnamona Province of Australia","volume":"99","author":"Hewson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2004.08.042","article-title":"Using aster remote sensing data set for geological mapping, in Namibia","volume":"30","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440721","article-title":"Spectral signatures of particulate minerals in the visible and near infrared","volume":"42","author":"Hunt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacher, D., and Abrams, M.A. (1996). Hydrocarbon Migration And Near Surface Expression: AAPG Memoir 66, AAPG.","DOI":"10.1306\/M66606"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Characterization of hydrocarbon microseepages in the Tucano Basin (Brazil) through hyperspectral classification and neural network analysis of Advance Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data","volume":"38","author":"Lammoglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2013.03.001","article-title":"Conceptual modeling of onshore hydrocarbon seep occurrence in the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran","volume":"43","author":"Salati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2182","article-title":"Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area","volume":"49","author":"James","year":"1965","journal-title":"AAPG Bull"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Thomas, A.N. (1952, January 21\u201324). \u201cGach-i-turush\u201d and associated phenomena in Southwest Persia. Taormina, Italy. preprint."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salati, S., van Ruitenbeek, F., de Smeth, J.B., and van der Meer, F. (2014). Spectral and chemical characterization of hydrocabon seeps-induced alteration in the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. AAPG Bull, in press.","DOI":"10.1306\/04051413105"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1117\/12.228565","article-title":"Design and performance of ASTER instrument","volume":"2583","author":"Fujisada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"DigitalGlobe. The Benefits of the 8 Spectral Bands of Worldview-2. Available online: http:\/\/worldview2.digitalglobe.com\/docs\/WorldView-2_8-Band_Applications_Whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Green, A.A., and Craig, M.A. (1985, January 8\u201310). Analysis of Aircraft Spectrometer Data with Logarithmic Residuals. Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90021-7","article-title":"Airborne imaging spectrometer data of the ruby mountains, montana: Mineral discrimination using relative absorption band-depth images","volume":"29","author":"Crowley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"295","article-title":"Comparison of three different methods to merge multiresolution and multispectral data: Landsat TM and SPOT panchromatic","volume":"57","author":"Chavez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Padwick, C., Deskevich, M., Pacifici, F., and Smallwood, S. (2010, January 26\u201330). Worldview-2 Pan-Sharpening: ASPRS 2010. San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.011","article-title":"A comparative analysis of high spatial resolution IKONOS and Worldview-2 imagery for mapping urban tree species","volume":"124","author":"Pu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1501","article-title":"Multiple additive regression trees with application in epidemiology","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat. Med"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A., and Stone, C.G. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth in-Ternational Group."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","article-title":"A working guide to boosted regression trees","volume":"77","author":"Elith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00049-7","article-title":"Decision tree classification of land cover from remotely sensed data","volume":"61","author":"Friedl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Rule-based classification systems using classification and regression tree (Cart) analysis","volume":"67","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1109\/36.951086","article-title":"Estimating pixel-scale land cover classification confidence using nonparametric machine learning methods","volume":"39","author":"McIver","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.01.007","article-title":"Classification of remotely sensed imagery using stochastic gradient boosting as a refinement of classification tree analysis","volume":"90","author":"Lawrence","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500304","article-title":"Boosted regression (Boosting): An introductory tutorial and a stata plugin","volume":"5","author":"Schonlau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Tyree, S., Weinberger, K.Q., and Agrawa, K. (April, January 28). Parallel boosted regression trees for web search ranking. Hyderabad, India."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2006). R version 2.15.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ridgeway, G. Generalized Boosted Regression Model. Documentation on the R Package \u201cgbm\u201d. Version 1: 5\u20137; 2006. Available online: http:\/\/www.i-pensieri.com\/gregr\/gbm.shtml."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892997000088","article-title":"A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence\/absence models","volume":"24","author":"Fielding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.01.011","article-title":"Characterization of a sulfur-rich arctic spring site and field analog to Europa using hyperspectral data","volume":"114","author":"Gleeson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1144\/1467-7873\/03-001","article-title":"Spectral reflectance properties (0.4\u20132.5 \u03bcm) of secondary Fe-oxides, Fe hydroxide, and Fe-sulfate-hydrate minerals associated with sulfide bearing mine wastes","volume":"3","author":"Crowley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geochemical Explor. Environ. Anal"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Setudenhnia, A., and OB Perry, J.T. (1966). Gachsaran, Masjid Soleyman, Agha Jari, Asmari, Banar-e-Deylam, Haft Kel, and Lali Geological Compilation Maps 1:100,000 Scale (sheet 20641 e), Iranian Oil Operating Companies (IOOC), Center National de la Researche Scientifique."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062688","article-title":"Mineral mapping using simulated Worldview-3 short-wave-infrared imagery","volume":"5","author":"Kruse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Worldview-3. Available online: https:\/\/www.Digitalglobe.Com\/downloads\/worldview3-ds-wv3-web.Pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:08Z","timestamp":1760217008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6043188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6043188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]}}}