{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:53:38Z","timestamp":1771998818968,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]],"date-time":"2015-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper is to investigate how optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data can be combined in an integrated multi-source framework to identify burned areas at the regional scale. The proposed approach is based on the use of fuzzy sets theory and a region-growing algorithm. Landsat TM and (C-band) ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images acquired for the year 2003 have been processed to extract burned area maps over Portugal. Pre-post fire SAR backscatter temporal difference has been integrated with optical spectral indices to the aim of reducing confusion between burned areas and low-albedo surfaces. The output fuzzy score maps have been compared with reference fire perimeters provided by the Fire Atlas of Portugal. Results show that commission and omission errors in the output burned area maps are a function of the threshold applied to the fuzzy score maps; between the two extremes of the greatest producer\u2019s accuracy (omission error &lt; 10%) and user\u2019s accuracy (commission error &lt; 5%), an intermediate threshold value provides errors of about 20% over the study area. The integration of SAR backscatter allowed reducing local commission errors from 65.4% (using optical data, only) to 11.4%, showing to significantly mitigate local errors due to the presence of cloud shadows and wetland areas. Overall, the proposed method is flexible and open to further developments; also in the perspective of the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel missions operationally providing SAR and optical datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]],"date-time":"2015-01-26T13:26:37Z","timestamp":1422278797000},"page":"1320-1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Integration of Optical and SAR Data for Burned Area Mapping in Mediterranean Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Stroppiana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Cal\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80127 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7843-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80127 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Imperatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80127 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Boschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5201-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Brivio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7296-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80127 Napoli, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.06.028","article-title":"Landscape\u2014Wildfire interactions in southern Europe: Implications for landscape management","volume":"92","author":"Moreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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