{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:48:12Z","timestamp":1773233292785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The response of an ecosystem to external drivers may not always be gradual and reversible. Discontinuous and sometimes irreversible changes, called \u2018regime shifts\u2019 or \u2018critical transitions\u2019, can occur. The likelihood of such shifts is expected to increase for a variety of ecosystems, and it is difficult to predict how close an ecosystem is to a critical transition. Recent modelling studies identified indicators of impending regime shifts that can be used to provide early warning signals of a critical transition. The identification of such transitions crucially depends on the ability to monitor key ecosystem variables, and their success may be limited by lack of appropriate data. Moreover, empirical demonstrations of the actual functioning of these indicators in real-world ecosystems are rare. This paper presents the first study which uses remote sensing data to identify a critical transition in a wetland ecosystem. In this study, we argue that a time series of remote sensing data can help to characterize and determine the timing of a critical transition. This can enhance our abilities to detect and anticipate them. We explored the potentials of remotely sensed vegetation (NDVI), water (MNDWI), and vegetation-water (VWR) indices, obtained from time series of MODIS satellite images to characterize the stability of a wetland ecosystem, Dorge Sangi, near the lake Urmia, Iran, that experienced a regime shift recently. In addition, as a control case, we applied the same methods to another wetland ecosystem in Lake Arpi, Armenia which did not experience a regime shift. We propose a new composite index (MVWR) based on combining vegetation and water indices, which can improve the ability to anticipate a critical transition in a wetland ecosystem. Our results revealed that MVWR in combination with autocorrelation at-lag-1 could successfully provide early warning signals for a critical transition in a wetland ecosystem, and showed a significantly improved performance compared to either vegetation (NDVI) or water (MNDWI) indices alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T10:49:53Z","timestamp":1491562193000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Remotely-Sensed Early Warning Signals of a Critical Transition in a Wetland Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Alibakhshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6333-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miina","family":"Rautiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, 00076 Espoo, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Naimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate (CMEC), Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08227","article-title":"Early-warning signals for critical transitions","volume":"461","author":"Scheffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"art129","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11-00216.1","article-title":"Analysis of abrupt transitions in ecological systems","volume":"2","author":"Bestelmeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/35098000","article-title":"Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems","volume":"413","author":"Scheffer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, W.A., and Carpenter, S.R. 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