{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:49:54Z","timestamp":1776185394086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation - COMPETE 2020","award":["N\u00ba 3447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00ba 3447"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional imagery\u2014provided, for example, by RGB and\/or NIR sensors\u2014has proven to be useful in many agroforestry applications. However, it lacks the spectral range and precision to profile materials and organisms that only hyperspectral sensors can provide. This kind of high-resolution spectroscopy was firstly used in satellites and later in manned aircraft, which are significantly expensive platforms and extremely restrictive due to availability limitations and\/or complex logistics. More recently, UAS have emerged as a very popular and cost-effective remote sensing technology, composed of aerial platforms capable of carrying small-sized and lightweight sensors. Meanwhile, hyperspectral technology developments have been consistently resulting in smaller and lighter sensors that can currently be integrated in UAS for either scientific or commercial purposes. The hyperspectral sensors\u2019 ability for measuring hundreds of bands raises complexity when considering the sheer quantity of acquired data, whose usefulness depends on both calibration and corrective tasks occurring in pre- and post-flight stages. Further steps regarding hyperspectral data processing must be performed towards the retrieval of relevant information, which provides the true benefits for assertive interventions in agricultural crops and forested areas. Considering the aforementioned topics and the goal of providing a global view focused on hyperspectral-based remote sensing supported by UAV platforms, a survey including hyperspectral sensors, inherent data processing and applications focusing both on agriculture and forestry\u2014wherein the combination of UAV and hyperspectral sensors plays a center role\u2014is presented in this paper. Firstly, the advantages of hyperspectral data over RGB imagery and multispectral data are highlighted. Then, hyperspectral acquisition devices are addressed, including sensor types, acquisition modes and UAV-compatible sensors that can be used for both research and commercial purposes. Pre-flight operations and post-flight pre-processing are pointed out as necessary to ensure the usefulness of hyperspectral data for further processing towards the retrieval of conclusive information. With the goal of simplifying hyperspectral data processing\u2014by isolating the common user from the processes\u2019 mathematical complexity\u2014several available toolboxes that allow a direct access to level-one hyperspectral data are presented. Moreover, research works focusing the symbiosis between UAV-hyperspectral for agriculture and forestry applications are reviewed, just before the paper\u2019s conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T12:16:23Z","timestamp":1509365783000},"page":"1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1103,"title":["Hyperspectral Imaging: A Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture and Forestry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo","family":"Ad\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC\u2014Formerly INESC Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jon\u00e1\u0161","family":"Hru\u0161ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC\u2014Formerly INESC Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC\u2014Formerly INESC Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC\u2014Formerly INESC Porto), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1297548","article-title":"UAS, sensors, and data processing in agroforestry: A review towards practical applications","volume":"38","author":"Vanko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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