{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1769246219922,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0687_OVISPID_2_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0687_OVISPID_2_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ruminants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), also known as sheep pulmonary adenomatosis and jaagsiekte, is a contagious pulmonary tumor of sheep, characterized by neoplastic proliferation of type II pneumocyte and club cells. OPA is induced by the oncogenic activity of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). This disease is associated with significant economic losses in numerous sheep raising countries. The onset of suggestive clinical signs is often late, making difficult the early diagnosis of the disease and timely implementation of control measures on the affected farms. Further, the lack of diagnostic tests that can be performed routinely by veterinary clinicians to accurately assess infected animals (e.g., serological or others) means that the true prevalence at flock level is not known. Imaging diagnostic methods (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography) can be used to support the clinical diagnosis, even in pre-clinical stages in affected flocks. The diagnosis must be confirmed by PCR of nasal excretions or immunohistochemistry and PCR of tumor lesions. No vaccine for OPA has yet been developed. Thus, in this work, we review the main methods of diagnosis of OPA in order to support the clinician in the identification of the disease, avoid underdiagnosis and allow the implementation of suitable measures to prevent and control its spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ruminants1010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"58-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Diagnostic Challenges of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Quintas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Research Center (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INNO Veterinary Laboratory, R. C\u00e2ndido de Sousa 15, 4710-503 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, CESPU, Instituto de Investigac\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada em Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias da Sa\u00fade (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Alegria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro Quinta dos Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04919-6","article-title":"A Survey of Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) Infection in Sheep in the Three Northeastern Provinces of China","volume":"166","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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