{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T22:27:05Z","timestamp":1763591225336,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a distributed system for analysis and monitoring (DSAM) of vibrations and acoustic noise, which consists of an array of intelligent modules, sensor modules, communication bus and a host PC acting as data center. The main advantages of the DSAM are its modularity, scalability, and flexibility for use of different type of sensors\/transducers, with analog or digital outputs, and for signals of different nature. Its final cost is also significantly lower than other available commercial solutions. The system is reconfigurable, can operate either with synchronous or asynchronous modes, with programmable sampling frequencies, 8-bit or 12-bit resolution and a memory buffer of 15 kbyte. It allows real-time data-acquisition for signals of different nature, in applications that require a large number of sensors, thus it is suited for monitoring of vibrations in Linear Switched Reluctance Actuators (LSRAs). The acquired data allows the full characterization of the LSRA in terms of its response to vibrations of structural origins, and the vibrations and acoustic noise emitted under normal operation. The DSAM can also be used for electrical machine condition monitoring, machine fault diagnosis, structural characterization and monitoring, among other applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T11:01:10Z","timestamp":1339066870000},"page":"7614-7633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Intelligent Sensor Array Distributed System for Vibration Analysis and Acoustic Noise Characterization of a Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Salvado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EST, UTCEI, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Av. do Empres\u00e1rio, S\/N, Castelo Branco 6000-767, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FE, DEM, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, 1, Covilh\u00e3 6200-001, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FE, DEM, University of Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro, 1, Covilh\u00e3 6200-001, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1109\/28.793360","article-title":"Noise in electric machines: A review","volume":"35","author":"Vijayraghavan","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Characterization of a new linear switched reluctance actuator","volume":"86","author":"Calado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Przeglad Elektrotechniczny"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1109\/28.887208","article-title":"Design of a linear switched reluctance machine","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1108\/03321641111101005","article-title":"On the influence of the pole and teeth shapes on the performance of linear switched reluctance actuator","volume":"30","author":"Calado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compel Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvado, J., Santo, A.E., and do Rosario Calado, M. (2011, January 23). Vibration Analysis of a Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator. Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2011.5929391"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Newland, D.E. (2005). An Introduction to Random Vibrations, Spectral & Wavelet Analysis, Dover Publications. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Shin, K., and Hammond, J.K. (2008). Fundamentals of Signal Processing for Sound and Vibration Engineers, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2010). MSP430F543xA, MSP430F541xA Mixed Signal Microcontroller, Texas Instruments Inc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Drivers need to be chosen according to the host PC Operating System. For further information follow the links: http:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/tusbwinvcp and http:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/tusb-3p-lnxvcp (accessed on 1 June 2012)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"For example, with FCLK = 16 MHz the two bytes arrangement must be equal to 100 to have a 160 kHz sampling frequency."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2010). 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[2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:40Z","timestamp":1760219440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s120607614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120607614","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]}}}