{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T19:28:11Z","timestamp":1771702091016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\/Brazil"},{"name":"CNPq\/Brazil","award":["400508\/2014-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400508\/2014-1"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\/Brazil","award":["445700\/2014-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["445700\/2014-9"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/Portugal","award":["UID\/EMS\/50022\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EMS\/50022\/2013"]}]},{"name":"CAPES\/FCT","award":["353\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["353\/13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy consumption is a major issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as nodes are powered by chemical batteries with an upper bounded lifetime. Estimating the lifetime of batteries is a difficult task, as it depends on several factors, such as operating temperatures and discharge rates. Analytical battery models can be used for estimating both the battery lifetime and the voltage behavior over time. Still, available models usually do not consider the impact of operating temperatures on the battery behavior. The target of this work is to extend the widely-used Kinetic Battery Model (KiBaM) to include the effect of temperature on the battery behavior. The proposed Temperature-Dependent KiBaM (T-KiBaM) is able to handle operating temperatures, providing better estimates for the battery lifetime and voltage behavior. The performed experimental validation shows that T-KiBaM achieves an average accuracy error smaller than 0.33%, when estimating the lifetime of Ni-MH batteries for different temperature conditions. In addition, T-KiBaM significantly improves the original KiBaM voltage model. The proposed model can be easily adapted to handle other battery technologies, enabling the consideration of different WSN deployments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T11:36:58Z","timestamp":1487763418000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A Temperature-Dependent Battery Model for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Systems, UFSC\u2014Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7767-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Montez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Systems, UFSC\u2014Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, UFSC\u2014Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88905-120 Ararangu\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\/INESC-TEC\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Vasques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\/INESC-TEC\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9481","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409481","article-title":"Design and Field Test of a WSN Platform Prototype for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Lazarescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2006.874229","article-title":"Accurate Electrical Battery Model Capable of Predicting Runtime and I\u2013V Performance","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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