{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:57:28Z","timestamp":1763535448137,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TIN2012-38080-C04-04","TIN2015-70202-P","TEC2015-71426-REDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2012-38080-C04-04","TIN2015-70202-P","TEC2015-71426-REDT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad (FEDER)","award":["TIN2015-71564-C4-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2015-71564-C4-2-R"]}]},{"name":"CSIC-PIE","award":["Ref.201450E011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref.201450E011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAS16\/00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAS16\/00072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["03FH035PB3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03FH035PB3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"COMPETE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT - Funda\u00e7ao para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/CEC\/00319\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CEC\/00319\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the analysis and discussion of the off-site localization competition track, which took place during the Seventh International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN 2016). Five international teams proposed different strategies for smartphone-based indoor positioning using the same reference data. The competitors were provided with several smartphone-collected signal datasets, some of which were used for training (known trajectories), and others for evaluating (unknown trajectories). The competition permits a coherent evaluation method of the competitors\u2019 estimations, where inside information to fine-tune their systems is not offered, and thus provides, in our opinion, a good starting point to introduce a fair comparison between the smartphone-based systems found in the literature. The methodology, experience, feedback from competitors and future working lines are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T09:39:55Z","timestamp":1489138795000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The Smartphone-Based Offline Indoor Location Competition at IPIN 2016: Analysis and Future Work"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Torres-Sospedra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), CSIC-UPM, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6873-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Knauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Geomatics, Computer Science and Mathematics, HFT Stuttgart\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yair","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BlockDox, 129 Finchley Road, NW3 6HY London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8249-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Fetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Business Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Viet-Cuong","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MICA Institute (HUST-CNRS\/UMI2954-Grenoble INP), Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Montoliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Seco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR), CSIC-UPM, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Mendoza-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3, Spain"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castell\u00f3, Spain"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Koukofikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Geomatics, Computer Science and Mathematics, HFT Stuttgart\u2014University of Applied Sciences, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0691-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o Gr\u00e1fica (CCG), 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4698-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Business Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Deinzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Business Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Vaufreydaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pervasive 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