{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T12:44:42Z","timestamp":1769690682822,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]],"date-time":"2017-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructures, ME laminates of the type Metglas-like\/PVDF (magnetostrictive+piezoelectric constituents) have shown the highest induced ME voltages, usually detected at the magnetoelastic resonance of the magnetostrictive constituent. This ME coupling happens because of the high cross-correlation coupling between magnetostrictive and piezoelectric material, and is usually associated with a promising application scenario for sensors or actuators. In this work we detail the basis of the operation of such devices, as well as some arising questions (as size effects) concerning their best performance. Also, some examples of their use as very sensitive magnetic fields sensors or innovative energy harvesting devices will be reviewed. At the end, the challenges, future perspectives and technical difficulties that will determine the success of ME composites for sensor applications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]],"date-time":"2017-05-31T10:41:04Z","timestamp":1496227264000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Metallic Glass\/PVDF Magnetoelectric Laminates for Resonant Sensors and Actuators: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1074-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Technology Park of Biscay, Building 500, 48160 Derio, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Electricidad y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco UPV\/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"given":"Andoni","family":"Lasheras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Electricidad y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco UPV\/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9833-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro\/Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9lson","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro\/Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Barandiar\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Technology Park of Biscay, Building 500, 48160 Derio, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Electricidad y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco UPV\/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Technology Park of Biscay, Building 500, 48160 Derio, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"729","article-title":"Magnetoelectric effect in chromium oxide","volume":"13","author":"Astrov","year":"1961","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. J. Exp. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.7.310","article-title":"Observation of the magnetically induced magnetoelectric effect and evidence of antiferromagnetic domains","volume":"7","author":"Rado","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/00150197608241997","article-title":"Magnetoelectricity in piezoelectric-magnetostrictive composites","volume":"10","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/00150199408245091","article-title":"Magnetoelectric PZT\/ferrite composite material","volume":"162","author":"Lopatin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R123","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/8\/R01","article-title":"Revival of the magnetoelectric effect","volume":"38","author":"Fiebig","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.40.4948","article-title":"Magnetoelectric properties in piezoelectric and magnetostrictive laminate composites","volume":"40","author":"Ryu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083507","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2337996","article-title":"Giant magnetoelectric effect in Metglas\/polyvinylidene-fluoride laminates","volume":"89","author":"Zhai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"28","article-title":"Product properties: A new application of composite materials","volume":"27","year":"1972","journal-title":"Philips Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2007868","article-title":"Push-pull mode magnetostrictive\/piezoelectric laminate composite with an ehanced magnetoelectric voltage coefficient","volume":"87","author":"Dong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202780","article-title":"Polymer-Based Magnetoelectric Materials","volume":"23","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lasheras, A. (2016). Magnetoelectric Metallic Glass\/Polymer Laminated Composites: From Fabrication to Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2013.2769","article-title":"Resonant response of magnetostrictive\/new piezoelectric polymer magnetoelectric laminate","volume":"11","author":"Lasheras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.8.975","article-title":"The Piezoelectricity of poly(vinylidene fluoride)","volume":"8","author":"Kawai","year":"1969","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10912","DOI":"10.1021\/am4031054","article-title":"Optimization of the magnetoelectric response of poly(vinylidene fluoride)\/epoxy\/vitrovac laminates","volume":"5","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500904","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2015.2390594","article-title":"Radio frequency magnetoelectric effect measured at high temperature","volume":"51","author":"Lasheras","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14821","DOI":"10.3390\/s121114821","article-title":"Nonlinear magnetoelectric response of planar ferromagnetic-piezoelectric structures to sub-millisecond magnetic pulses","volume":"12","author":"Kreitmeier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Du Tremolet de Laichesserie, E. (1993). Magnetostriction Theory and Application of Magnetoelasticity, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.2211110129","article-title":"Magnetoelastic properties of some Fe-rich Fe-Co-Si-B metallic glasses","volume":"111","author":"Nielsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physica Statatus Solidi"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, J., Lasheras, A., Barandiar\u00e1n, J.M., Vilas, J.L., San Sebasti\u00e1n, M., and Le\u00f3n, L.M. (December, January 28). Temperature response of magnetostrictive\/piezoelectric polymer magnetoelectric laminates. Proceedings of the MRS 2011 Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1557\/opl.2012.754"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055050","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/5\/055050","article-title":"Optimized anisotropic magnetoelectric response of Fe61.6Co16.4Si10.8B11.2\/PVDF\/ Fe61.6Co16.4Si10.8B11.2 laminates for AC\/DC magnetic field sensing","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.12.086","article-title":"Characterization of Metglas\/poly(vinylidene fluoride)\/Metglas magnetoelectric laminates for AC\/DC magnetic sensor applications","volume":"92","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2668989","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of a high-performance polymer-based magnetoelectric DC Magnetic Field sensors devices","volume":"64","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065024","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/6\/065024","article-title":"Energy harvesting device based on a metallic glass\/PVDF magnetoelectric laminated composite","volume":"24","author":"Lasheras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085028","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/8\/085028","article-title":"Electronic optimization for an energy harvesting system based on magnetoelectric Metglas\/poly(vinylidene fluoride)\/Metglas composites","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1021\/nl903377u","article-title":"Piezoelectric ribbons printed onto rubber for flexible energy conversion","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.11.007","article-title":"A magnetoelectric energy harvester and management circuit for wireless sensor network","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2037648","article-title":"A Low-Power Stand-Alone Adaptive Circuit for Harvesting Energy From a Piezoelectric Micropower Generator","volume":"57","author":"Tabesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2251625","article-title":"Harvesting Energy From Magnetic Fields to Power Condition Monitoring Sensors","volume":"13","author":"Roscoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2008.2010991","article-title":"A RF to DC Voltage Conversion Model for Multi-Stage Rectifiers in UHF RFID Transponders","volume":"44","author":"Barnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3662037","article-title":"Energy harvesting properties of all-thin-film multiferroic cantilevers","volume":"99","author":"Onuta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.01.003","article-title":"Magnetoelectric transducer with high quality factor for wireless power receiving","volume":"150","author":"Bian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055019","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/5\/055019","article-title":"An investigation of energy harvesting from renewable sources with PVDF and PZT","volume":"20","author":"Vatansever","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2119410","article-title":"Modeling of electric energy harvesting using piezoelectric windmill","volume":"87","author":"Priya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2164134","article-title":"A 2.3 mW wireless intraocular pressure\/temperature monitor","volume":"46","author":"Shih","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105018","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/10\/105018","article-title":"Magnetoelectric effect in a circumferentially polarized composite cylinder","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2014.10.040","article-title":"Size effects on the magnetoelectric response on PVDF\/Vitrovac 4040 laminate composites","volume":"377","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4953156","article-title":"Quantification of size effects in the magnetoelectric response of metallic glass\/PVDF laminates","volume":"108","author":"Lasheras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07D703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3536518","article-title":"Demagnetizing factors for two parallel ferromagnetic plates and their applicattions to magnetoelectric laminated sensors","volume":"109","author":"Liverts","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2002.1017766","article-title":"Demagnetizing factors of rectangular prisms and ellipsoids","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1109\/20.42378","article-title":"A new method of magnetostrictivity and magnetostriction measurement","volume":"25","author":"Clark","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4283\/JMAG.2012.17.4.308","article-title":"Enhancement of the magnetic flux in Metglas\/PZT-magnetoelectric integrated 2D geomagnetic device","volume":"17","author":"Duc","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Magn."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/app5030587","article-title":"Enhanced Magnetoelectric Effect in Permendur\/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Laminated Magnetostrictive\/Piezoelectric Composite","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4729124","article-title":"Multiferroic bending mode resonators and studies on temperature dependence of magnetoelectric interactions","volume":"100","author":"Burdin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4705298","article-title":"Thermal stability of magnetoelectric sensors","volume":"100","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/i2012-12041-x","article-title":"Relaxation dynamics of poly(vinylidene fluoride) studied by dynamical mechanical measurements and dielectric spectroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Sencadas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/58.883516","article-title":"History and recent progress in piezoelectric polymers","volume":"47","author":"Fukada","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2006.247839","article-title":"Recent developments of polar piezoelectric polymers","volume":"13","author":"Fukada","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.23183","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of piezoelectric polyimides","volume":"47","author":"Gonzalo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-600-153","article-title":"Polarization stability of amorphous piezoelectric polyimides","volume":"600","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Lib. Arch."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.05.057","article-title":"In situ poling and imidization of amorphous piezoelectric polyimides","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"San Sebasti\u00e1n, M.A. (2012). S\u00edntesis y Propiedades de Poliimidas Piezoel\u00e9ctricas. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU]. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Maceiras, A. (2016). Polyimides for Piezoelectric Materials, Magnetoelectric Nanocomposites and Battery Separators: Synthesis and Characterization. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2220125","article-title":"Improving the magnetoelectric response of laminates containing high temperature piezopolymers","volume":"49","author":"Lasheras","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.543.439","article-title":"Improving the performance of high temperature piezopolymers for magnetoelectric applications","volume":"543","author":"Lasheras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105015","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/10\/105015","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel piezoelectric nitrile copolyimide films for high temperature sensor applications","volume":"23","author":"Maceiras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"351","article-title":"Temperature response of Magnetostrictive\/Piezoelectric Polymer magnetoelectric Laminates","volume":"495","author":"Lasheras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:37:31Z","timestamp":1760207851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/6\/1251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s17061251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17061251","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]]}}}