{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:32:18Z","timestamp":1778621538867,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1681775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1681775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In tropical regions, such as in the Amazon, the use of optical sensors is limited by high cloud coverage throughout the year. As an alternative, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) products could be used, alone or in combination with optical images, to monitor tropical areas. In this sense, we aimed to select the best Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification approach for tropical regions using Sentinel family products. We choose the city of Bel\u00e9m, Brazil, as the study area. Images of close dates from Sentinel-1 (S-1) and Sentinel-2 (S-2) were selected, preprocessed, segmented, and integrated to develop a machine learning LULC classification through a Random Forest (RF) classifier. We also combined textural image analysis (S-1) and vegetation indexes (S-2). A total of six LULC classifications were made. Results showed that the best overall accuracy (OA) was found for the integration of S-1 and S-2 (91.07%) data, followed by S-2 only (89.53%), and S-2 with radiometric indexes (89.45%). The worse result was for S-1 data only (56.01). For our analysis the integration of optical products in the stacking increased de OA in all classifications. However, we suggest the development of more investigations with S-1 products due to its importance for tropical regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1551955942000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Integration of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for Classification and LULC Mapping in the Urban Area of Bel\u00e9m, Eastern Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Amador","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, State University of Par\u00e1 (UEPA), 66095-100 Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma Ely Santos","family":"Beltr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, State University of Par\u00e1 (UEPA), 66095-100 Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulisses Silva","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operations and Management Center of the Amazon Protection System (CENSIPAM), 66617-420 Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Institute (ICT) and Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.05.091","article-title":"Estimating global ecosystem service values and its response to land surface dynamics during 1995\u20132015","volume":"223","author":"Sannigrahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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