{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:09:42Z","timestamp":1777010982632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIT-EXPL\/IRA\/0070\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIT-EXPL\/IRA\/0070\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/04436\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/107826\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/107826\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE2020), through Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advances in wireless communications are still very limited when intended to be used on Underwater Communication Systems mainly due to the adverse proprieties of the submarine channel to the acoustic and radio frequency (RF) waves propagation. This work describes the development and characterization of a polyvinylidene difluoride ultrasound transducer to be used as an emitter in underwater wireless communications. The transducer has a beam up to 10\u00b0 \u00d7 70\u00b0 degrees and a usable frequency band up to 1 MHz. The transducer was designed using Finite Elements Methods and compared with real measurements. Pool trials show a transmitting voltage response (TVR) of approximately 150 dB re \u00b5Pa\/V@1 m from 750 kHz to 1 MHz. Sea trials were carried in Ria Formosa, Faro (Portugal) over a 15 m source\u2014receiver communication link. All the signals were successfully detected by cross-correlation using 10 chirp signals between 10 to 900 kHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T03:17:57Z","timestamp":1568603877000},"page":"3991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Wideband and Wide Beam Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) Acoustic Transducer for Broadband Underwater Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LARSyS, University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3576-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LARSyS, University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LARSyS, University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1109\/TADVP.2007.898637","article-title":"Experimental Analysis of the Water Absorption Effects on RF\/mm-Wave Active\/Passive Circuits Packaged in Multilayer Organic Substrates","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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(2019, July 02). Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.te.com\/usa-en\/product-CAT-PFS0003.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/3991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:20:28Z","timestamp":1760188828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/3991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19183991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19183991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]}}}