{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:45:55Z","timestamp":1767912355268,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007133","name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Energia El\u00e9trica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD-06491-0379\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-06491-0379\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Power transformer is the most important and expensive equipment used in the electric power industry. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has stood out as a flexible and particularly suitable tool for power transformer monitoring being a passive and dielectric sensor element. In this work we evaluated the performance of FBG pressure sensors developed to monitor the static and dynamic pressure in high voltage winding transformers during events such as short-circuit and inrush current. Two types of sensors packaging materials were evaluated in laboratory: polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and transformerboard (TB). The sensors have been tested for high intensity and short duration impacts similar to those occurring in short circuits. In addition, we evaluated the time response of sensors using an interrogation system with a 5 kHz sweep in order to analyze the short circuit response time properly. The results pointed that FBG pressure sensors using PEEK and TB are suitable for transformer winding monitoring. The static sensitivity obtained to PEEK based sensors was 0.911 pm\/N, in the range of 800 N to 1500 N. This sensitivity is 4.47 higher than TB based sensors sensitivity. Dynamical tests performance showed an excellent repeatability for both sensors, in agreement with static observation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T11:30:19Z","timestamp":1573212619000},"page":"4877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Static and Dynamic Evaluation of a Winding Deformation FBG Sensor for Power Transformer Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Aguinaldo Goes","family":"de Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COPEL Gera\u00e7\u00e3o e Transmiss\u00e3o, Curitiba 81200-240, PR, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Benetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPEL Gera\u00e7\u00e3o e Transmiss\u00e3o, Curitiba 81200-240, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0552-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Alkimin","family":"de Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LACTEC - Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento, Curitiba 81530-180, PR, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPQD Research and Development Center in Telecommunications, Campinas 13086-902, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Floridia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPQD Research and Development Center in Telecommunications, Campinas 13086-902, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Artur de Araujo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPQD Research and Development Center in Telecommunications, Campinas 13086-902, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8648-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao Batista","family":"Rosolem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPQD Research and Development Center in Telecommunications, Campinas 13086-902, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aburaghiega, E., Farrag, M.E., Hepburn, D.M., and Garcia, B. (2015, January 1\u20134). Power transformer health monitoring: A shift from off-line to on-line detection. Proceedings of the 2015 50th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Stoke on Trent, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2015.7339901"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2007.08.005","article-title":"Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) for the assessment of winding displacements and deformation in power transformers","volume":"78","author":"Secue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MEI.2013.6507412","article-title":"Frequency response analysis and short-circuit impedance measurement in detection of winding deformation within power transformers","volume":"29","author":"Bagheri","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic Deformation Analysis of Power Transformer Windings in Short-Circuit Fault by FEM","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez, I.M., Cui, H., and Udd, E. (2001, January 4\u20138). Acoustic emission detection using fiber Bragg gratings. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2019s 8th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Newport Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.435542"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2010.2051820","article-title":"Mandrel-Based Fiber-Optic Sensors for Acoustic Detection of Partial Discharges\u2014A Proof of Concept","volume":"25","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Q., Ma, G., Jiang, J., Li, C., and Zhan, H. (2015, January 18\u201321). A comparative study on partial discharge ultrasonic detection using fiber Bragg grating sensor and piezoelectric transducer. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEIDP.2015.7352071"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074107","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.57.7.074107","article-title":"Partial discharge acoustic emission detector using mandrel-connected fiber Bragg grating sensor","volume":"57","author":"Ghorat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kung, P., Wang, L., Pan, S., and Comanici, M.I. (2013, January 2\u20135). Adapting the FBG cavity sensor structure to monitor and diagnose PD in large power transformer. Proceedings of the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIC.2013.6554258"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2803056","article-title":"Distributed Partial Discharge Detection in a Power Transformer Based on Phase-Shifted FBG","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9235","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2925848","article-title":"A High Sensitivity Optical Fiber Sensor for GIS Partial Discharge Detection","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.04.066","article-title":"High sensitive and reliable fiber Bragg grating hydrogen sensor for fault detection of power transformer","volume":"169","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisser, M., Badcock, R.A., Teal, P.D., Swanson, A., and Hunze, A. (2017, January 25\u201329). Development of hydrogen sensors based on fiber Bragg grating with a palladium foil for online dissolved gas analysis in transformers. Proceedings of the SPIE 10329, Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection X, 103292P, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2267091"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Chen, W.G., Liu, J., Wang, Y.Y., Liang, L.M., Zhao, J.B., and Yue, Y.F. (2008, January 9\u201312). The Measuring Method for Internal Temperature of Power Transformer Based on FBG Sensors. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application, Chongqing, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.926926","article-title":"Multipoint Fiber-Optic Hot-Spot Sensing Network Integrated Into High Power Transformer for Continuous Monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"253","article-title":"Real-time temperature monitoring system using FBG sensors on an oil-immersed power transformer","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"High Voltage Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Liu, S., Xiao, L., and Li, W. (2016, January 24\u201327). Fiber Bragg grating sensors for temperature monitoring in oil-immersed transformers. Proceedings of the 2016 15th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-017-0427-z","article-title":"Research on a new fiber-optic axial pressure sensor of transformer winding based on fiber Bragg grating","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, G.G., de Morais Sousa, K., and da Silva, J.C.C. (2018, January 2\u20135). Dynamic Strain Analysis of Transformer Iron Core with Fiber Bragg Gratings. Proceedings of the Advanced Photonics Congress 2018, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1364\/BGPPM.2018.JTu2A.74"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allil, R.C.d.B., de Nazar\u00e9, F.V.B., and Werneck, M.M. (2017). Fiber Bragg Gratings: Theory, Fabrication, and Applications, SPIE Press.","DOI":"10.1117\/3.2286558"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). PEEK Datasheet. Available online: www.vick.com.br\/datasheets\/datasheet-peek.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). Transformerboard Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/sibel.bg\/upl_doc\/Brochure_Transformerboard.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasin, M. (2012). Mechanical Property and Strain Transferring Mechanism in Optical Fiber Sensors. Fiber Optic Sensors, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/1379"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Sun, X., Huang, L., and Stolov, A. (2018, January 17\u201318). Optical fibers for distributed sensing in harsh environments. Proceedings of the SPIE Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications XV, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2305433"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rumble, R.J. (2019). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 100th edition."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enser, H., Sell, J.K., Schatzl-Linder, M., Strau\u00df, B., Hilber, W., and Jakoby, B. (2017, January 3\u20136). Hysteresis and Material Effects of Printed Strain Gauges Embedded in Organic Coatings. Proceedings of the Eurosensors 2017 Conference, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings1040624"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Buzuayene, M. (2019, October 30). Rise Time vs. Bandwidth and Applications. Available online: https:\/\/interferencetechnology.com\/rise-time-vs-bandwidth-and-applications\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Normas T\u00e9cnicas (2013). ABNT NBR 14274: 2013\u2014Insulating Mineral Oil\u2014Determination of Compatibility of Materials Employed in Electrical Equipment."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/22\/4877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:33:02Z","timestamp":1760189582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/22\/4877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s19224877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19224877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]}}}