{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:18:10Z","timestamp":1767183490009,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)\u2014Finance Code 001 and by Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa de Santa Catarina\u2014Brasil (FAPESC)\u2014Grant 2019TR169. Supported by project PLATAFORMA DE VEH\u00cdCULOS DE TRANSPORTE DE MATERIALES Y","award":["2019TR169, 463AC03, SA063G19, FCT UID\/EEA\/50008\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TR169, 463AC03, SA063G19, FCT UID\/EEA\/50008\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart grid systems have become popular and necessary for the development of a sustainable power grid. These systems use different technologies to provide optimized services to the users of the network. Regarding computing, these systems optimize electrical services by processing a large amount of the data generated. However, privacy and security are essential in this kind of system. With a large amount of data generated, it is necessary to protect the privacy of users, because this data may reveal the users\u2019 personal information. Today, blockchain technology has proven to be an efficient architecture for solving privacy and security problems in different scenarios. Over the years, different blockchain platforms have emerged, attempting to solve specific problems in different areas. However, the use of different platforms fragmented the market, which was no different in the smart grid scenario. This work proposes a blockchain architecture that uses sidechains to make the system scalable and adaptable. We used three blockchains to ensure privacy, security, and trust in the system. To universalize the proposed solution, we used the Open Smart Grid Protocol and smart contracts. The results show that architecture security and privacy are guaranteed, making it feasible for implementation in real systems; although scalability issues regarding the storage of the data generated still exist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T02:59:18Z","timestamp":1580957958000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Cost Analysis of Implementing a Blockchain Architecture in a Smart Grid Scenario Using Sidechains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0425-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iago","family":"Sestrem Och\u00f4a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems-LEDS, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed, SC 88302-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica e Redes de Computadores, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Brusque 88354-300, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9981-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Augusto Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems-LEDS, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed, SC 88302-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems-LEDS, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed, SC 88302-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"de Paz Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab, Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Ca\u00eddos s\/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi Reis","family":"Quietinho Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embedded and Distributed Systems-LEDS, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed, SC 88302-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"COPELABS, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MPAE.2005.1507024","article-title":"Toward a smart grid: Power delivery for the 21st century","volume":"3","author":"Amin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmhan, Y., Kumbhare, A.G., Cao, B., and Prasanna, V. 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