{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:50:39Z","timestamp":1774493439804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro Internacional sobre el envejecimiento, CENIE","award":["0348_CIE_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0348_CIE_6_E"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004299","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Becas internacionales de posgrado 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Becas internacionales de posgrado 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most incapacitating motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The occurrence of FOG reduces the patients\u2019 quality of live and leads to falls. FOG assessment has usually been made through questionnaires, however, this method can be subjective and could not provide an accurate representation of the severity of this symptom. The use of sensor-based systems can provide accurate and objective information to track the symptoms\u2019 evolution to optimize PD management and treatments. Several authors have proposed specific methods based on wearables and the analysis of inertial signals to detect FOG in laboratory conditions, however, its performance is usually lower when being used at patients\u2019 homes. This study presents a new approach based on a recurrent neural network (RNN) and a single waist-worn triaxial accelerometer to enhance the FOG detection performance to be used in real home-environments. Also, several machine and deep learning approaches for FOG detection are evaluated using a leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation. Results show that modeling spectral information of adjacent windows through an RNN can bring a significant improvement in the performance of FOG detection without increasing the length of the analysis window (required to using it as a cue-system).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients through On-Body Acceleration Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sigcha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Instrumentaci\u00f3n y Ac\u00fastica Aplicada (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7., 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9lson","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0970-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Instrumentaci\u00f3n y Ac\u00fastica Aplicada (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7., 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7440-8787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9421-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Arezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7847-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Instrumentaci\u00f3n y Ac\u00fastica Aplicada (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7., 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1699-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"De Arcas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Instrumentaci\u00f3n y Ac\u00fastica Aplicada (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7., 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1016-3190(10)60044-4","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tzu. Chi Med. 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